python随机数范围为500输出为251_Python编程产生非均匀随机数的几种方法代码分享...

1.反变换法

设需产生分布函数为F(x)的连续随机数X。若已有[0,1]区间均匀分布随机数R,则产生X的反变换公式为：

F(x)=r, 即x=F-1(r)

反函数存在条件：如果函数y=f(x)是定义域D上的单调函数,那么f(x)一定有反函数存在,且反函数一定是单调的。分布函数F(x)为是一个单调递增函数，所以其反函数存在。从直观意义上理解，因为r一一对应着x,而在[0,1]均匀分布随机数R≤r的概率P(R≤r)=r。 因此,连续随机数X≤x的概率P(X≤x)=P(R≤r)=r=F(x)

即X的分布函数为F(x)。

例子:下面的代码使用反变换法在区间[0, 6]上生成随机数，其概率密度近似为P(x)=e-x

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# probability distribution we're trying to calculate

p = lambda x: np.exp(-x)

# CDF of p

CDF = lambda x: 1-np.exp(-x)

# invert the CDF

invCDF = lambda x: -np.log(1-x)

# domain limits

xmin = 0 # the lower limit of our domain

xmax = 6 # the upper limit of our domain

# range limits

rmin = CDF(xmin)

rmax = CDF(xmax)

N = 10000 # the total of samples we wish to generate

# generate uniform samples in our range then invert the CDF

# to get samples of our target distribution

R = np.random.uniform(rmin, rmax, N)

X = invCDF(R)

# get the histogram info

hinfo = np.histogram(X,100)

# plot the histogram

plt.hist(X,bins=100, label=u'Samples');

# plot our (normalized) function

xvals=np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 1000)

plt.plot(xvals, hinfo[0][0]*p(xvals), 'r', label=u'p(x)')

# turn on the legend

plt.legend()

plt.show()

一般来说，直方图的外廓曲线接近于总体X的概率密度曲线。

2.舍选抽样法(Rejection Methold)

用反变换法生成随机数时，如果求不出F-1(x)的解析形式或者F(x)就没有解析形式，则可以用F-1(x)的近似公式代替。但是由于反函数计算量较大，有时也是很不适宜的。另一种方法是由Von Neumann提出的舍选抽样法。下图中曲线w(x)为概率密度函数，按该密度函数产生随机数的方法如下：

基本的rejection methold步骤如下：

1. Draw x uniformly from [xmin xmax]

2. Draw x uniformly from [0, ymax]

3. if y < w(x)，accept the sample, otherwise reject it

4. repeat

即落在曲线w(x)和X轴所围成区域内的点接受，落在该区域外的点舍弃。

例子:下面的代码使用basic rejection sampling methold在区间[0, 10]上生成随机数，其概率密度近似为P(x)=e-x

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

'''

The following code produces samples that follow the distribution P(x)=e^−x

for x=[0, 10] and generates a histogram of the sampled distribution.

'''

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

P = lambda x: np.exp(-x)

# domain limits

xmin = 0 # the lower limit of our domain

xmax = 10 # the upper limit of our domain

# range limit (supremum) for y

ymax = 1

N = 10000 # the total of samples we wish to generate

accepted = 0 # the number of accepted samples

samples = np.zeros(N)

count = 0 # the total count of proposals

# generation loop

while (accepted < N):

# pick a uniform number on [xmin, xmax) (e.g. 0...10)

x = np.random.uniform(xmin, xmax)

# pick a uniform number on [0, ymax)

y = np.random.uniform(0,ymax)

# Do the accept/reject comparison

if y < P(x):

samples[accepted] = x

accepted += 1

count +=1

print count, accepted

# get the histogram info

# If bins is an int, it defines the number of equal-width bins in the given range

(n, bins)= np.histogram(samples, bins=30) # Returns: n-The values of the histogram,n是直方图中柱子的高度

# plot the histogram

plt.hist(samples,bins=30,label=u'Samples') # bins=30即直方图中有30根柱子

# plot our (normalized) function

xvals=np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 1000)

plt.plot(xvals, n[0]*P(xvals), 'r', label=u'P(x)')

# turn on the legend

plt.legend()

plt.show()

>>>

99552 10000

3.推广的舍取抽样法

从上图中可以看出，基本的rejection methold法抽样效率很低，因为随机数x和y是在区间[xmin xmax]和区间[0 ymax]上均匀分布的，产生的大部分点不会落在w(x)曲线之下(曲线e-x的形状一边高一边低，其曲线下的面积占矩形面积的比例很小，则舍选抽样效率很低)。为了改进简单舍选抽样法的效率，可以构造一个新的密度函数q(x)(called a proposal distribution from which we can readily draw samples)，使它的形状接近p(x)，并选择一个常数k使得kq(x)≥w(x)对于x定义域内的值都成立。对应下图，首先从分布q(z)中生成随机数z0，然后按均匀分布从区间[0 kq(z0)]生成一个随机数u0。 if u0 > p(z0) then the sample is rejected,otherwise u0 is retained. 即下图中灰色区域内的点都要舍弃。可见，由于随机点u0只出现在曲线kq(x)之下，且在q(x)较大处出现次数较多，从而大大提高了采样效率。显然q(x)形状越接近p(x)，则采样效率越高。

根据上述思想，也可以表达采样规则如下：

1. Draw x from your proposal distribution q(x)

2. Draw y uniformly from [0 1]

3. if y < p(x)/kq(x) , accept the sample, otherwise reject it

4. repeat

下面例子中选择函数p(x)=1/(x+1)作为proposal distribution，k=1。曲线1/(x+1)的形状与e-x相近。

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

p = lambda x: np.exp(-x) # our distribution

g = lambda x: 1/(x+1) # our proposal pdf (we're choosing k to be 1)

CDFg = lambda x: np.log(x +1) # generates our proposal using inverse sampling

# domain limits

xmin = 0 # the lower limit of our domain

xmax = 10 # the upper limit of our domain

# range limits for inverse sampling

umin = CDFg(xmin)

umax = CDFg(xmax)

N = 10000 # the total of samples we wish to generate

accepted = 0 # the number of accepted samples

samples = np.zeros(N)

count = 0 # the total count of proposals

# generation loop

while (accepted < N):

# Sample from g using inverse sampling

u = np.random.uniform(umin, umax)

xproposal = np.exp(u) - 1

# pick a uniform number on [0, 1)

y = np.random.uniform(0, 1)

# Do the accept/reject comparison

if y < p(xproposal)/g(xproposal):

samples[accepted] = xproposal

accepted += 1

count +=1

print count, accepted

# get the histogram info

hinfo = np.histogram(samples,50)

# plot the histogram

plt.hist(samples,bins=50, label=u'Samples');

# plot our (normalized) function

xvals=np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 1000)

plt.plot(xvals, hinfo[0][0]*p(xvals), 'r', label=u'p(x)')

# turn on the legend

plt.legend()

plt.show()

>>>

24051 10000

可以对比基本的舍取法和改进的舍取法的结果，前者产生符合要求分布的10000个随机数运算了99552步，后者运算了24051步，可以看到效率明显提高。

总结

以上就是本文关于Python编程产生非均匀随机数的几种方法代码分享的全部内容，希望对大家有所帮助。感兴趣的朋友可以继续参阅本站：

Python数据可视化编程通过Matplotlib创建散点图代码示例

Python编程实现使用线性回归预测数据

Python数据可视化正态分布简单分析及实现代码

如有不足之处，欢迎留言指出。感谢朋友们对本站的支持！

本文标题: Python编程产生非均匀随机数的几种方法代码分享

本文地址: http://www.cppcns.com/jiaoben/python/214344.html