linux获取文件所有权限,Linux之文件类型和权限的获取与操作

最近两天学习了有关文件属性的获取和操作，下面是在学习过程中的一个例程。

Linux中有关文件属性的信息存储在struct stat这个结构体中：

struct stat {

dev_t st_dev; /* ID of device containing file */

ino_t st_ino; /* inode number */

mode_t st_mode; /* protection */

nlink_t st_nlink; /* number of hard links */

uid_t st_uid; /* user ID of owner */

gid_t st_gid; /* group ID of owner */

dev_t st_rdev; /* device ID (if special file) */

off_t st_size; /* total size, in bytes */

blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for file system I/O */

blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* number of 512B blocks allocated */

time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */

time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */

time_t st_ctime; /* time of last status change */

};我们可以通过系统API stat()获取文件的该结构体。例程中，我主要解析了st_mode这一结构体元素，该元素存储了有关文件类型和权限的信息。

类型和权限都是通过位标志进行存储和识别的：

S_IFMT 0170000 bit mask for the file type bit fields

S_IFSOCK 0140000 socket

S_IFLNK 0120000 symbolic link

S_IFREG 0100000 regular file

S_IFBLK 0060000 block device

S_IFDIR 0040000 directory

S_IFCHR 0020000 character device

S_IFIFO 0010000 FIFO

S_ISUID 0004000 set UID bit

S_ISGID 0002000 set-group-ID bit (see below)

S_ISVTX 0001000 sticky bit (see below)

S_IRWXU 00700 mask for file owner permissions

S_IRUSR 00400 owner has read permission

S_IWUSR 00200 owner has write permission

S_IXUSR 00100 owner has execute permission

S_IRWXG 00070 mask for group permissions

S_IRGRP 00040 group has read permission

S_IWGRP 00020 group has write permission

S_IXGRP 00010 group has execute permission

S_IRWXO 00007 mask for permissions for others (not in group)

S_IROTH 00004 others have read permission

S_IWOTH 00002 others have write permission

S_IXOTH 00001 others have execute permission可以看到，文件类型和权限由不同的掩码进行控制，特定的类型和权限都对应不同的位，可以通过比对位标识识别某一文件的类型或是权限。

另外，文件类型除了用上述的方法进行识别外，linux中还提供了专门的带参宏定义，通过这些宏定义可以更加方便的识别文件类型：

S_ISREG(m) is it a regular file?

S_ISDIR(m) directory?

S_ISCHR(m) character device?

S_ISBLK(m) block device?

S_ISFIFO(m) FIFO (named pipe)?

S_ISLNK(m) symbolic link? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)

S_ISSOCK(m) socket? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)m就是st_mode元素。这种方法在例程中也有使用。

例程如下：

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

int main(int argc,char *argv[])

{

int ret = -1;

struct stat buf;

memset(&buf,0,sizeof(struct stat));

ret = stat(argv[1],&buf);//获取结构体struct stat的信息

if(ret < 0)

{

perror("open");

exit(-1);

}

printf("ino_t:%d\n",buf.st_ino);//打印inode

if(1 == S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))//identify file types using macros，用带参宏定义判断文件类型

{

printf("%s is a regular file\n",argv[1]);

}

printf("S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode) is:%d\n",S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode));

if(1 == S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode))//can't pass the test，判断符号链接文件，但在测试的时候没有判断出来

{

printf("%s is a symbolic link\n",argv[1]);

}

printf("S_IFREG:%d,buf.st_mode:%d\n",S_IFREG,buf.st_mode);//打印st_mode信息

switch(S_IFMT & buf.st_mode)//用掩码和位标志判断文件类型

{

case S_IFREG:printf("%s is a regular file\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFDIR:printf("%s is a directory\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFSOCK:printf("%s is a socket file\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFLNK:printf("%s is a link file\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFBLK:printf("%s is a block device file\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFCHR:printf("%s is a character device file\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IFIFO:printf("%s is a FIFO/pipe file\n",argv[1]);break;

default:printf("can't identify\n");

}

switch(S_IRWXU & buf.st_mode)//用位标志判断文件权限

{

case S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR:printf("owner of %s has rwx permission \n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IWUSR:printf("owner of %s has w permission\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IXUSR:printf("owner of %s has x permission\n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IRUSR:printf("owner of %s has r permission \n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR:printf("owner of %s has wx permission \n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IRUSR|S_IXUSR:printf("owner of %s has rx permission \n",argv[1]);break;

case S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR:printf("owner of %s has rw permission \n",argv[1]);break;

default:printf("owner of %s has no permission\n");

}

return 0;

}

权限识别只是识别了文件属主对文件的操作权限，其它的组权限和其他权限如法炮制。由于权限是w r x的组合，而文件类型的位标识是单独的，所以两者在判断的时候略有不同。

测试时候的一个发现：有关符号链接文件(软连接文件)本身都是rwx属性，而且用chmod命令修改权限也是无效的。但其st_mode代表的则是所链接的文件的权限。换句话说符号连接文件本身都是可读可写可执行的，但其st_mode则和源文件保持一致。

测试发现的一个问题：符号链接文件被当作了普通文件，带参宏定义和位标志都无法正确识别符号连接文件。