add by zhj: Django将所有http header(包括你自定义的http header)都放在了HttpRequest.META这个Python标准字典中,当然HttpRequest.META
中还包含其它一些键值对,这些键值对是Django加进去的,如SERVER_PORT等。对于http header,Django进行了重命名,规则如下
(1) 所有header名大写,将连接符“-”改为下划线“_”
(2) 除CONTENT_TYPE和CONTENT_LENGTH,其它的header名称前加“HTTP_”前缀
我个人比较喜欢跟踪源代码来查看,源代码如下,
classWSGIRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
server_version= "WSGIServer/" + __version__
defget_environ(self):
env=self.server.base_environ.copy()
env['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] =self.request_version
env['REQUEST_METHOD'] =self.commandif '?' inself.path:
path,query= self.path.split('?',1)else:
path,query= self.path,''env['PATH_INFO'] =urllib.unquote(path)
env['QUERY_STRING'] =query
host=self.address_string()if host !=self.client_address[0]:
env['REMOTE_HOST'] =host
env['REMOTE_ADDR'] =self.client_address[0]if self.headers.typeheader isNone:
env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =self.headers.typeelse:
env['CONTENT_TYPE'] =self.headers.typeheader
length= self.headers.getheader('content-length')iflength:
env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] =lengthfor h inself.headers.headers:
k,v= h.split(':',1)
k=k.replace('-','_').upper(); v=v.strip()if k inenv:continue #skip content length, type,etc.
if 'HTTP_'+k inenv:
env['HTTP_'+k] += ','+v #comma-separate multiple headers
else:
env['HTTP_'+k] =vreturnenvdefget_stderr(self):returnsys.stderrdefhandle(self):"""Handle a single HTTP request"""self.raw_requestline=self.rfile.readline()if not self.parse_request(): #An error code has been sent, just exit
returnhandler=ServerHandler(
self.rfile, self.wfile, self.get_stderr(), self.get_environ()
)
handler.request_handler= self #backpointer for logging
handler.run(self.server.get_app())
classWSGIRequest(http.HttpRequest):def __init__(self, environ):
script_name=base.get_script_name(environ)
path_info=base.get_path_info(environ)if notpath_info:#Sometimes PATH_INFO exists, but is empty (e.g. accessing
#the SCRIPT_NAME URL without a trailing slash). We really need to
#operate as if they'd requested '/'. Not amazingly nice to force
#the path like this, but should be harmless.
path_info = '/'self.environ=environ
self.path_info=path_info
self.path= '%s/%s' % (script_name.rstrip('/'), path_info.lstrip('/'))
self.META=environ
self.META['PATH_INFO'] =path_info
self.META['SCRIPT_NAME'] =script_name
self.method= environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
_, content_params= self._parse_content_type(self.META.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''))if 'charset' incontent_params:try:
codecs.lookup(content_params['charset'])exceptLookupError:pass
else:
self.encoding= content_params['charset']
self._post_parse_error=Falsetry:
content_length= int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH'))except(ValueError, TypeError):
content_length=0
self._stream= LimitedStream(self.environ['wsgi.input'], content_length)
self._read_started=False
self.resolver_match= None
WSGIRequest类实例化方法__init__(self,environ)中第二个参数就是WSGIRequestHandler.get_environ()方法返回的数据
WSGIRequest.META在environ的基础上加了一些键值对
用Django做后台,客户端向Django请求数据,为了区分不同的请求,想把每个请求类别加在HTTP头部(headers)里面。
先做实验,就用Python的httplib库来做模拟客户端,参考网上写出模拟代码如下:
#coding=utf8
importhttplib
httpClient=Nonetry:
myheaders= { "category": "Books","id": "21",'My-Agent': "Super brower"}
httpClient= httplib.HTTPConnection('10.14.1XX.XXX',8086,timeout=30)
httpClient.request('GET','/headinfo/',headers=myheaders)
response=httpClient.getresponse()printresponse.statusprintresponse.reasonprintresponse.read()exceptException, e:printefinally:ifhttpClient:
httpClient.close()
其中'/headinfo/'为服务器的响应目录。
然后是服务端的响应代码,《The Django Book》第七章有个获取META的例子:
#GOOD (VERSION 2)
defua_display_good2(request):
ua= request.META.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'unknown')return HttpResponse("Your browser is %s" % ua)
正好看过这个例子,就模拟上面的这个写了一个能够返回客户端自定义头部的模块:
from django.http importHttpResponsedefheadinfo(request):
category= request.META.get('CATEGORY', 'unkown')
id= request.META.get('ID','unkown')
agent= request.META.get('MY-AGENT','unkown')
html= "
Category is %s, id is %s, agent is %s" %(category, id, agent)return HttpResponse(html)运行结果如下:
$python get.py#输出:#200#OK#
Category is unkown, id is unkown, agent is unkown可以看到服务器成功响应了,但是却没有返回自定义的内容。
我以为是客户端模拟headers出问题了,查找和试验了许多次都没有返回正确的结果。后来去查Django的文档,发现了相关的描述:
HttpRequest.METAA standard Python dictionary containing all available HTTP headers. Available headers depend on the client and server, but here are some examples:
CONTENT_LENGTH – the length of the request body (as a string).
CONTENT_TYPE – the MIME type of the request body.
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING – Acceptable encodings for the response.
HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE – Acceptable languages for the response.
HTTP_HOST – The HTTP Host header sent by the client.
HTTP_REFERER – The referring page, if any.
HTTP_USER_AGENT – The client’s user-agent string.
QUERY_STRING – The query string, as a single (unparsed) string.
REMOTE_ADDR – The IP address of the client.
REMOTE_HOST – The hostname of the client.
REMOTE_USER – The user authenticated by the Web server, if any.
REQUEST_METHOD – A string such as "GET" or "POST".
SERVER_NAME – The hostname of the server.
SERVER_PORT – The port of the server (as a string).
With the exception of CONTENT_LENGTH and CONTENT_TYPE, as given above, any HTTP headers in the request are converted toMETA keys by converting all characters to uppercase, replacing any hyphens with underscores and adding an HTTP_prefix to the name. So, for example, a header called X-Benderwould be mapped to the METAkey HTTP_X_BENDER.
其中红色的部分说明是说除了两个特例之外,其他的头部在META字典中的key值都会被加上“HTTP_”的前缀,终于找到问题所在了,赶紧修改服务端代码:
category = request.META.get('HTTP_CATEGORY', 'unkown')
id= request.META.get('HTTP_ID','unkown')
果然,执行后返回了想要的结果:
$python get.py#正确的输出:#200#OK#
Category is Books, id is 21, agent is Super brower得到的经验就是遇到问题要多查文档,搜索引擎并不一定比文档更高效。