本文首发于公众号“大龙猫的英语”
英语中句子按结构分为:简单句,并列句和复合句。
简单句,n个主语和+1个谓语或者1个主语+n个谓语结构的句子。
并列句,多个简单句由并列连词连接,句子之间是独立平等的关系。即简单句+并列连词+简单句.....
复合句,有多个主谓结构的句子,并且一(多)个主谓结构在句子里做句子的某一(些)成分,比如做主语、表语、宾语、状语、定语。(点击前往句子成分篇)
复合句是“1主句+n从句(n≥1)”的结构
01
■ 这世上没有不含主谓结构的句子,如果有,那它就不是完整的句子。
首先,让我们来一波测试。
请判断以下句子的类型。(A. 简单句 B.并列句 C.复合句)
- When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
- I love the feeling of being cared.
- If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
- You should go to his place and apologize.
- He is the man whom I saw yesterday.
- I'd better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain.
- She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.
- It took us twenty minutes to clean the room yesterday.
- We danced and sang all night.
- He worked hard, and became an architect.
接下来我们来看答案:CACBC BCAAB
02
■ 句子类型区分在于结构。
简单句,单一主谓结构;
并列句,多个主谓结构,由并列连词连接;
复合句,多个主谓结构,有引导词,从句充当句子成分。
我们以张三为例。
简单句:
Z lost her phone.(张三手机丢了)
Z lost her love.(张三失恋了)
Z is ugly.(张三长得丑)
单一结构的句子。
并列句:
Z lost her phone, so she was unhappy.(张三手机丢了,所以张三不开心。)
Z lost her love, and she let herself go.(张三失恋了,然后张三放飞自我了。)
Z is not beautiful, but she doesn't care.(张三长得丑,但张三不在乎。)
并列连词连接,两个句子平等的关系,表示顺承,转折,对比,因果,选择,并列等。
复合句:
Z lost her phone because she was careless.(因为不小心的缘故,张三的手机丢了。原因状语从句)
Z was dumped when her boyfriend went to Beijing.(男朋友去北京的时候,张三被甩了。时间状语从句)
The ex-boyfriend who dumped Z says that she is ugly.(那个甩了张三的前任,说张三长得丑。定语从句)
其中一个主谓结构(即从句)在句子中充当了成分。
并列复合句:
The boyfriend who dumped Z says that she is ugly, but Z doesn't really care.(那个甩了张三的男朋友说她长得丑,但张三不在乎。)
03
■ 并列句和复合句的区别
我们来看上面的例子:
Z lost her phone, so she was unhappy.(并列句)
Z lost her phone because she was careless.(复合句)
这两个句子,so 和because都表示因果,也都是连词,但句子结构就是不一样。
为什么呢?
原因在于词性!(点击去往词性篇)
so是并列连词,连接两个有因果关系的句子。
because是从属连词,后接完整主谓结构做原因状语。
上学的时候老师一直说because和so不能同时出现,原因就在于此,因为它俩不一家。这里跟汉语是有区别的。
并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同语法功能的词、短语或句子。由并列连词连接的句子,就是并列句。常见的并列连词有:and,or, but, for, not only...but also...
从属连词这种连词用以引导名词性从句和状语从句;由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。常见的从属连词有:when, where, why, because, that, which...
那么如何区分并列连词和从属连词呢?
非常简单!!!就是——
死记硬背。
常见的就那么多,记得就好啦。
04
■ 并列连词和从属连词
并列连词
(1)表同等关系。and, both...and..., not only...but also...,neither... nor...,as well as, etc.
(2)表转折。but, yet, while, etc.
(3)表因果。for, so, as, etc.
(4)表选择。or, not...but..., either... or..., etc.
复合句中主句和从句之间由引导词连接,引导词可以是从属连词,副词,代词等。
从属连词
(1)不做成分:that(无意义)
if, whether(表是否的意思)
(2)状语从句里的从属连词:before, since, because, though...
另,其他性质的引导词
(3)连接代词,在从句中做成分:who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever...
(4)连接副词,在从句中做状语:when, where, why, how, how many, how long, how far, however, whenever, wherever
(鉴于篇幅问题,这些会放在从句里详细讲)
写在最后:
依然是那句话,英语语法很重要,但没重要到凌驾其他的地步。
如果你不靠这个吃饭,那么语法,就只是帮助你理解和应用英语的工具。
理解就好,能用就成。
以上。
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