oracle initrans 16,关于initrans参数

在Oracle9i OCP教材上有这么一段话:

INITRANS, which defaults to 1 for a data segment and 2 for an index segment, guarantees a minimum level of concurrency.

这段话是错误的,对于table,initrans默认是2,最小值也是2,某些情况下,默认值和最小值都是3。

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

----------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production

PL/SQL Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production

CORE 9.2.0.1.0 Production

TNS for 32-bit Windows: Version 9.2.0.1.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 9.2.0.1.0 - Production

1.普通的table的initrans默认值为2

SQL> create table t1(id int,name varchar2(20));

Table created.

SQL> insert into t1 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select file_id,block_id from dba_extents where segment_name='T1' and owner=

user;

FILE_ID BLOCK_ID

---------- ----------

7 121

SQL> alter system dump datafile 7 block 124;

System altered.

查看对应的trace文件可以发现:

Start dump data blocks tsn: 7 file#: 7 minblk 124 maxblk 124

buffer tsn: 7 rdba: 0x01c0007c (7/124)

scn: 0x0000.00098e4e seq: 0x02 flg: 0x00 tail: 0x8e4e0602

frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x0000 type: 0x06=trans data

Block header dump: 0x01c0007c

Object id on Block? Y

seg/obj: 0x67de csc: 0x00.98e4e itc: 2 flg: E typ: 1 - DATA

brn: 0 bdba: 0x1c00079 ver: 0x01

inc: 0 exflg: 0

Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc

0x01 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

0x02 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

2.即使指定initrans=1,实际上的initrans还是2

SQL> create table t2(id int,name varchar2(20))initrans 1;

Table created.

SQL> insert into t2 values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> select file_id,block_id from dba_extents where segment_name='T2' and owner=

user;

FILE_ID BLOCK_ID

---------- ----------

7 129

SQL> alter system dump datafile 7 block 132;

System altered.

trace文件如下:

Start dump data blocks tsn: 7 file#: 7 minblk 132 maxblk 132

buffer tsn: 7 rdba: 0x01c00084 (7/132)

scn: 0x0000.00098f3a seq: 0x02 flg: 0x00 tail: 0x8f3a0602

frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x0000 type: 0x06=trans data

Block header dump: 0x01c00084

Object id on Block? Y

seg/obj: 0x67df csc: 0x00.98f3a itc: 2 flg: E typ: 1 - DATA

brn: 0 bdba: 0x1c00081 ver: 0x01

inc: 0 exflg: 0

Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc

0x01 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

0x02 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

3.CTAS建的table的initrans默认值为3

SQL> select file_id,block_id from dba_extents where segment_name='T3' and owner=

user;

FILE_ID BLOCK_ID

---------- ----------

7 1105

SQL> alter system dump datafile 7 block 1108;

System altered.

Start dump data blocks tsn: 7 file#: 7 minblk 1108 maxblk 1108

buffer tsn: 7 rdba: 0x01c00454 (7/1108)

scn: 0x0000.00098faa seq: 0x02 flg: 0x04 tail: 0x8faa0602

frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x872f type: 0x06=trans data

Block header dump: 0x01c00454

Object id on Block? Y

seg/obj: 0x67e0 csc: 0x00.98fa9 itc: 3 flg: E typ: 1 - DATA

brn: 0 bdba: 0x1c00451 ver: 0x01

inc: 0 exflg: 0

Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc

0x01 0xffff.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 C--- 0 scn 0x0000.00098fa9

0x02 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

0x03 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

4.CTAS建的table的initrans最小值为3

SQL> create table t4 initrans 1 as select * from t1;

Table created.

SQL> select file_id,block_id from dba_extents where segment_name='T4' and owner=

user;

FILE_ID BLOCK_ID

---------- ----------

7 1113

SQL> alter system dump datafile 7 block 1116;

System altered.

Start dump data blocks tsn: 7 file#: 7 minblk 1116 maxblk 1116

buffer tsn: 7 rdba: 0x01c0045c (7/1116)

scn: 0x0000.00098fe9 seq: 0x02 flg: 0x04 tail: 0x8fe90602

frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x872e type: 0x06=trans data

Block header dump: 0x01c0045c

Object id on Block? Y

seg/obj: 0x67e1 csc: 0x00.98fe8 itc: 3 flg: E typ: 1 - DATA

brn: 0 bdba: 0x1c00459 ver: 0x01

inc: 0 exflg: 0

Itl Xid Uba Flag Lck Scn/Fsc

0x01 0xffff.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 C--- 0 scn 0x0000.00098fe8

0x02 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

0x03 0x0000.000.00000000 0x00000000.0000.00 ---- 0 fsc 0x0000.00000000

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目录 序 ............................................................................................... 17 前言 ............................................................................................ 20 本书内容.................................................................................... 21 读者对象.................................................................................... 21 本书组织结构............................................................................... 23 源代码和有关更新.......................................................................... 29 勘误表....................................................................................... 29 配置环境....................................................................................... 30 建立SCOTT/TIGER 模式.................................................................. 30 环境.......................................................................................... 32 设置SQL*Plus 的AUTOTRACE ......................................................... 35 配置Statspack............................................................................. 37 定制脚本.................................................................................... 38 SHOW_SPACE ............................................................................. 49 BIG_TABLE ................................................................................. 57 代码约定.................................................................................... 60 第 1章 开发成功的Oracle应用程序...................................................... 61 1.1 我的方法................................................................................ 63 3 / 976 1.2 黑盒方法................................................................................ 65 1.3 开发数据库应用的正确(和不正确)方法.......................................... 70 1.3.1 了解Oracle体系结构............................................................ 70 1.3.2 理解并发控制...................................................................... 78 1.3.3 多版本.............................................................................. 84 1.3.4 数据库独立性? .................................................................... 93 1.3.5 “怎么能让应用运行得更快?”................................................114 1.3.6 DBA与开发人员的关系.........................................................119 1.4 小结....................................................................................121 第 2章体系结构概述........................................................................123 2.1 定义数据库和实例....................................................................125 2.2 SGA和后台进程......................................................................133 2.3 连接Oracle ...........................................................................136 2.3.1 专用服务器.......................................................................137 2.3.2 共享服务器.......................................................................138 2.3.3 TCP/IP连接的基本原理........................................................140 2.4 小结....................................................................................143 第 3章文件..................................................................................144 3.1 参数文件...............................................................................146 4 / 976 3.1.1 什么是参数?.....................................................................147 3.1.2 遗留的init.ora 参数文件........................................................150 3.1.3 服务器参数文件..................................................................152 3.1.4 参数文件小结.....................................................................163 3.2 跟踪文件...............................................................................163 3.2.1 请求的跟踪文件..................................................................165 3.2.2 针对内部错误生成的跟踪文件..................................................170 3.2.3 跟踪文件小结.....................................................................174 3.3 警告文件...............................................................................175 3.4 数据文件...............................................................................179 3.4.1 简要回顾文件系统机制..........................................................180 3.4.2 Oracle数据库中的存储层次体系..............................................181 3.4.3 字典管理和本地管理的表空间..................................................186 3.5 临时文件...............................................................................188 3.6 控制文件...............................................................................192 3.7 重做日志文件..........................................................................192 3.7.1 在线重做日志.....................................................................193 3.7.2 归档重做日志.....................................................................196 3.8 密码文件...............................................................................198 5 / 976 3.9 修改跟踪文件..........................................................................203 3.10 闪回日志文件........................................................................205 3.10.1 闪回数据库......................................................................205 3.10.2 闪回恢复区......................................................................206 3.11 DMP文件(EXP/IMP文件) .....................................................207 3.12 数据泵文件...........................................................................210 3.13 平面文件.............................................................................214 3.14 小结...................................................................................215 第 4章内存结构............................................................................215 4.1 进程全局区和用户全局区............................................................216 4.1.1 手动PGA内存管理..............................................................217 4.1.2 自动PGA内存管理..............................................................227 4.1.3 手动和自动内存管理的选择....................................................244 4.1.4 PGA和UGA小结...............................................................246 4.2 系统全局区............................................................................246 4.2.1 固定SGA .........................................................................254 4.2.2 重做缓冲区.......................................................................254 4.2.3 块缓冲区缓存.....................................................................256 4.2.4 共享池.............................................................................266 6 / 976 4.2.5 大池...............................................................................269 4.2.6 Java池............................................................................271 4.2.7 流池...............................................................................272 4.2.8 自动SGA内存管理..............................................................272 4.3 小结....................................................................................274 第 5章Oracle进程.........................................................................275 5.1 服务器进程............................................................................276 5.1.1 专用服务器连接..................................................................277 5.1.2 共享服务器连接..................................................................279 5.1.3 连接与会话.......................................................................280 5.1.4 专用服务器与共享服务器.......................................................289 5.1.5 专用/共享服务器小结...........................................................293 5.2 后台进程...............................................................................294 5.2.1 中心后台进程.....................................................................295 5.2.2 工具后台进程.....................................................................234 5.3 从属进程...............................................................................236 5.3.1 I/O从属进程.....................................................................236 5.3.2 并行查询从属进程...............................................................237 5.4 小结....................................................................................237 7 / 976 第 6章 锁.....................................................................................238 6.1 什么是锁?............................................................................238 6.2 锁定问题...............................................................................240 6.2.1 丢失更新..........................................................................240 6.2.2 悲观锁定..........................................................................241 6.2.3 乐观锁定..........................................................................243 6.2.4 乐观锁定还是悲观锁定?.......................................................256 6.2.5 阻塞...............................................................................257 6.2.6 死锁...............................................................................260 6.2.7 锁升级.............................................................................266 6.3 锁类型..................................................................................266 6.3.1 DML锁...........................................................................267 6.3.2 DDL锁............................................................................276 6.3.3 闩..................................................................................280 6.3.4 手动锁定和用户定义锁..........................................................290 6.4 小结....................................................................................291 第 7章 并发与多版本.......................................................................292 7.1 什么是并发控制?....................................................................292 7.2 事务隔离级别..........................................................................293 8 / 976 7.2.1 READ UNCOMMITTED........................................................294 7.2.2 READ COMMITTED............................................................296 7.2.3 REPEATABLE READ ............................................................297 7.2.4 SEAIALIZABLE...................................................................299 7.2.5 READ ONLY .....................................................................302 7.3 多版本读一致性的含义...............................................................302 7.3.1 一种会失败的常用数据仓库技术...............................................303 7.3.2 解释热表上超出期望的I/O .....................................................304 7.4 写一致性...............................................................................307 7.4.1 一致读和当前读..................................................................307 7.4.2 查看重启动.......................................................................311 7.4.3 为什么重启动对我们很重要?..................................................314 7.5 小结....................................................................................315 第 8章 事务..................................................................................317 8.1 事务控制语句..........................................................................317 8.2 原子性..................................................................................318 8.2.1 语句级原子性.....................................................................318 8.2.2 过程级原子性.....................................................................321 8.2.3 事务级原子性.....................................................................325 9 / 976 8.3 完整性约束和事务....................................................................325 8.3.1 IMMEDIATE 约束...............................................................325 8.3.2 DEFERRABLE 约束和级联更新.................................................326 8.4 不好的事务习惯.......................................................................329 8.4.1 在循环中提交.....................................................................329 8.4.2 使用自动提交.....................................................................337 8.5 分布式事务............................................................................338 8.6 自治事务...............................................................................340 8.6.1 自治事务如果工作? ............................................................340 8.6.2 何时使用自治事务? ............................................................343 8.7 小结....................................................................................348 第 9章 redo与undo ......................................................................349 9.1 什么是redo? ........................................................................349 9.2 什么是undo? .......................................................................350 9.2.1 redo和undo如何协作?......................................................353 9.3 提交和回滚处理.......................................................................357 9.3.1 COMMIT 做什么?..............................................................357 9.3.2 ROLLBACK做什么? ...........................................................365 9.4 分析redo..............................................................................366 10 / 976 9.4.1 测量redo.........................................................................367 9.4.2 redo生成和BEFORE/AFTER触发器.........................................369 9.4.3 我能关掉重做日志生成吗? ....................................................378 9.4.4 为什么不能分配一个新日志?..................................................383 9.4.5 块清除.............................................................................384 9.4.6 日志竞争..........................................................................388 9.4.7 临时表和redo/undo ...........................................................390 9.5 分析undo.............................................................................394 9.5.1 什么操作会生成最多和最少的undo?........................................394 9.5.2 ORA-01555:snapshot too old 错误.........................................397 9.6 小结....................................................................................409 第 10 章 数据库表...........................................................................411 10.1 表类型................................................................................411 10.2 术语...................................................................................412 10.2.1 段................................................................................413 10.2.2 段空间管理......................................................................414 10.2.3 高水位线........................................................................415 10.2.4 freelists .........................................................................417 10.2.5 PCTFREE 和PCTUSED........................................................421 11 / 976 10.2.6 LOGGING和NOLOGGING .................................................423 10.2.7 INITRANS 和MAXTRANS ...................................................424 10.3 堆组织表.............................................................................424 10.4 索引组织表...........................................................................427 10.5 索引聚簇表...........................................................................445 10.6 散列聚簇表...........................................................................455 10.7 有序散列聚簇表.....................................................................465 10.8 嵌套表................................................................................469 10.8.1 嵌套表语法......................................................................469 10.8.2 嵌套表存储......................................................................478 10.8.3 嵌套表小结......................................................................482 10.9 临时表................................................................................483 10.10对象表..............................................................................491 10.11小结.................................................................................500 第 11 章 索引................................................................................502 11.1 Oracle索引概述....................................................................502 11.2 B*树索引.............................................................................503 11.2.1 索引键压缩......................................................................506 11.2.2 反向键索引......................................................................509 12 / 976 11.2.3 降序索引........................................................................517 11.2.4 什么情况下应该使用B*树索引?.............................................519 11.2.5 B*树小结........................................................................532 11.3 位图索引.............................................................................532 11.3.1 什么情况下应该使用位图索引? .............................................533 11.3.2 位图联结索引...................................................................538 11.3.3 位图索引小结...................................................................541 11.4 基于函数的索引.....................................................................542 11.4.1 重要的实现细节................................................................542 11.4.2 一个简单的基于函数的索引例子.............................................543 11.4.3 只对部分行建立索引...........................................................554 11.4.4 实现有选择的惟一性...........................................................556 11.4.5 关于CASE 的警告..............................................................557 11.4.6 关于ORA-01743的警告.....................................................559 11.4.7 基于函数的索引小结...........................................................560 11.5 应用域索引...........................................................................560 11.6 关于索引的常见问题和神话........................................................562 11.6.1 视图能使用索引吗?...........................................................562 11.6.2 Null和索引能协作吗?........................................................562 13 / 976 11.6.3 外键是否应该加索引? ........................................................566 11.6.4 为什么没有使用我的索引?...................................................567 11.6.5 神话:索引中从不重用空间...................................................576 11.6.6 神话:最有差别的元素应该在最前面........................................581 11.7 小结...................................................................................585 第 12 章 数据类型...........................................................................587 12.1 Oracle数据类型概述...............................................................587 12.2 字符和二进制串类型................................................................589 12.2.1 NLS 概述........................................................................589 12.2.2 字符串...........................................................................593 12.3 二进制串:RAW类型..............................................................601 12.4 数值类型.............................................................................604 12.4.1 NUMBER类型的语法和用法.................................................607 12.4.2 BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE 类型的语法和用法..................612 12.4.3 非固有数据类型................................................................612 12.4.4 性能考虑........................................................................613 12.5 LONG 类型..........................................................................615 12.5.1LONG和LONG RAW 类型的限制...........................................615 12.5.2 处理遗留的LONG类型.......................................................616 14 / 976 12.6 DATE、TIMESTAMP和INTERVAL类型........................................625 12.6.1 格式..............................................................................625 12.6.2 DATE 类型......................................................................626 12.6.3 TIMESTAMP类型.............................................................637 12.6.4 INTERVAL类型................................................................647 12.7 LOB 类型.............................................................................651 12.7.1 内部LOB........................................................................652 12.7.2 BFILE ............................................................................666 12.8 ROWID/UROWID 类型............................................................666 12.9 小结...................................................................................666 第 13 章 分区................................................................................666 13.1 分区概述.............................................................................666 13.1.1 提高可用性......................................................................666 13.1.2 减少管理负担...................................................................666 13.1.3 改善语句性能...................................................................666 13.2 表分区机制...........................................................................666 13.2.1 区间分区........................................................................666 13.2.2 散列分区........................................................................666 13.2.3 列表分区........................................................................666 15 / 976 13.2.4 组合分区........................................................................666 13.2.5 行移动...........................................................................666 13.2.6 表分区机制小结................................................................666 13.3 索引分区.............................................................................666 13.3.1 局部索引........................................................................666 13.3.2 全局索引........................................................................666 13.4 再论分区和性能.....................................................................666 13.5 审计和段空间压缩...................................................................666 13.6 小结...................................................................................666 第 14 章 并行执行...........................................................................666 14.1 何时使用并行执行...................................................................666 14.2 并行查询.............................................................................666 14.3 并行DML............................................................................666 14.4 并行DDL.............................................................................666 14.4.1 并行DDL和使用外部表的数据加载.........................................666 14.4.2 并行DDL和区段截断.........................................................666 14.5 并行恢复.............................................................................666 14.6 过程并行化...........................................................................666 14.6.1 并行管道函数...................................................................666 16 / 976 14.6.2 DIY 并行化......................................................................666 14.7 小结...................................................................................666 第 15 章 数据加载和卸载...................................................................666 15.1 SQL*Loader.........................................................................666 15.1.1 用SQLLDR加载数据的FAQ .................................................666 15.1.2 SQLLDR 警告...................................................................666 15.1.3 SQLLDR小结...................................................................666 15.2 外部表................................................................................666 15.2.1 建立外部表......................................................................666 15.2.2 处理错...........................................................................666 15.2.3 使用外部表加载不同的文件...................................................666 15.2.4 多用户问题......................................................................666 15.2.5 外部表小结......................................................................666 15.3 平面文件卸载........................................................................666 15.4 数据泵卸载...........................................................................666 15.5 小结...................................................................................666
1.增加主键 alter table TABLE_NAME add constraint KEY_NAME primary key (TABLE_COLUMN); 指定表空间 alter table TABLE_NAME add constraint KEY_NAME primary key (TABLE_COLUMN) using index tablespace TABLE_SPACE_NAME; 2.增加外键 alter table TABLE_NAME add constraint FK_NAME foreign key (TABLE_COLUMN) references KEY_TABLE_NAME; 3.使主键或外键失效、生效 alter table TABLE_NAME disable(enable) constraint KEY_NAME; 4、查看各种约束 select constraint_name,table_name,constraint_type,status from user_constraints; select constraint_name, constraint_type,search_condition, r_constraint_name from user_constraints where table_name = upper(\'&table_name\') select c.constraint_name,c.constraint_type,cc.column_name from user_constraints c,user_cons_columns cc where c.owner = upper(\'&table_owner\') and c.table_name = upper(\'&table_name\') and c.owner = cc.owner and c.constraint_name = cc.constraint_name order by cc.position; 5、删除主键或外键 alter table TABLE_NAME drop constraint KEY_NAME; 6、建外键 单字段时:create table 表名 (col1 char(8), cno char(4) REFERENCE course); 多个字段时,在最后加上 Foreign Key (字段名) REFERENCE 表名(字段) 连带删除选项 (on delete cascade 当指定时,如果父表中的记录被删除,则依赖于父表的记录也被删除 REFERENCE 表名() on delete cascade; 7、删除带约束的表 Drop table 表名 cascade constraints; 8:索引管理 <1>.creating function-based indexes sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped); <2>.create a B-tree index sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 sql> maxextents 50); <3>.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows <4>.creating reverse key indexes sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; <5>.create bitmap index sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; <6>.change storage parameter of index sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100); 7.allocating index space sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile \'c:/oracle/index.dbf\'); <8>.alter index xay_id deallocate unused; <9>、查看索引 SQL>select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes order by table_name; <10>、查看索引被索引的字段 SQL>select * from user_ind_columns where index_name=upper(\'&index_name\'); 11、创建序列 select * from user_sequences; create sequence SEQ_NAME start with 1000 maxvalue 1000 increment by 1; alter sequence SEQ_NAME minvalue 50 maxvalue 100; 12、删除重复行 update a set aa=null where aa is not null; delete from a where rowid!= (select max(rowid) from a b where a.aa=b.aa); 13、删除同其他表相同的行 delete from a where exits (select \'X\' from b where b.no=a.no); 或 delete from a where no in (select no from b); 14、查询从多少行到多少行的记录(可以用在web开发中的分页显示) select * from ( select rownum row_id,b.* from (select a.* from sys_oper a) b ) where row_id between 15 and 20 15、对公共授予访问权 grant select on 表名 to public; create public synonym 同义词名 for 表名; 16、填加注释 comment on table 表名 is \'注释\'; comment on column 表名.列名 is \'注释\'; 17、分布式数据库,创建数据库链路 create [public] database link LINKNAME [connect to USERNAME identified by PASSWORD] [using \'CONNECT_STRING\'] 可以在服务器端,也可以在客户端建立,但必须注意,两台服务器之间 数据库必须可以互访,必须各有各自的别名数据库 18、查看数据库链路 select * from all_db_links; select * from user_db_links; 查询 select * from TABLENAME@DBLNKNAME; 创建远程数据库同义词 create synonym for TABLENAME@DBLNKNAME; 操纵远程数据库记录 insert into TABLENAME@DBLNKNAME (a,b) values (va,vb); update TABLENAME@DBLNKNAME set a=\'this\'; delete from TABLENAME@DBLNKNAME; 怎样执行远程的内嵌过程 begin otherdbpro@to_html(参数); end; 19、数据库链路用户密码有特殊字符的时候,可以用双引号把密码引起来 create public database link dblink1 connect to db1 identified by \"123*456\" using \'db11\' 20.oracle8中扩充了group by rollup和cube的操作。有时候省了你好多功夫的。 <1>下面的语句可以进行总计 select region_code,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by rollup(region_code); <2> 对第1个字段小计,最后合计 select region_code,write_status,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by rollup(region_code,write_status); ---------------------- 570 0 3 570 1 2 570 5 --此处小计了570的记录 571 0 10 571 1 2 571 12 --此处小计了571的记录 ..... 100 --此处有总计 <3> 复合rollup表达式,只做总计 select region_code,write_status,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by rollup(region_code,write_status); <4> 对第1个字段小计,再对第2个字段小计,最后合计 select region_code,write_status,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by cube(region_code,write_status); ---------------------- 100 --此处有总计 0 60 --对write_status=0的小计 1 39 --对write_status=1的小计 3 1 --对write_status=3的小计 570 5 --此处小计了570的记录 570 0 3 570 1 2 571 12 --此处小计了571的记录 571 0 10 571 1 2 .... <3> 复合cube表达式,只做总计 select region_code,write_status,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by cube(region_code,write_status); <4>下面的语句可以按照rollup不同的字段进行小计 select region_code,write_status,count(*) from aicbs.acc_woff_notify group by region_code,rollup(write_status); 21.查询view的创建语句 sql>set long 1000 sql>select * from user_views where view_name=\'MY_VIEW_NAME\'; or sql>select * from all_views where view_name=\'MY_VIEW_NAME\'; 22、去除数据库中特殊字符 <1>.字符串字段中含有\"\'\",如果用来组合sql语句,会造成语句不准确。 比如:replace(f1,\'\'\'\',\'\') <2>.字符串字段中含有\"\\t \\n\",如果用来在c或者c++程序中输出到文件,格式无法保证。 比如:replace(f2,\'\\t\',\'\') <3>.清除换行和回车 比如: replace(f2,chr(13)||chr(10),\'\') 23、如何在字符串里加回车或者tab键 在sqlplus中执行 sql>select \'UserId=1233111\'||chr(10)||\'AccId=13431\'||chr(9)||\'AccId2=11111\' from dual; 24、树形查询 create table zj( bm number(8), bmmc varchar2(20), sjbm number(8) ) insert into zj values(1,\'aaa\',0) insert into zj values(11,\'aaa1\',1) insert into zj values(12,\'aaa2\',1) insert into zj values(111,\'aaa11\',11) insert into zj values(112,\'aaa12\',11) insert into zj values(113,\'aaa13\',11) insert into zj values(121,\'aaa21\',12) insert into zj values(122,\'aaa22\',12) insert into zj values(123,\'aaa23\',12) -- select bm,bmmc,sjbm,level from zj start with sjbm=0 connect by prior bm = sjbm 或者 select bm,bmmc,sjbm,level from zj start with sjbm=0 connect by sjbm = prior bm 25、快照 create snapshot SNAPSHOT_NAME [storage (storage parameter)] [tablespace TABLESPACE_NAME] [refresh [fast\\complete\\force] [start with START_DATE next NEXT_DATE] as QUERY; create snapshot snapshot_to_study as select * from TABLE_NAME@to_study; 创建角色 create role aa identified by aaa; 授权 grant create snapshot,alter snapshot to aaa; grant aaa to emp; create snapshot SNAPSHOT_TO_HTML refresh complete start with sysdate next sysdate+5/(24*60*60) as select * from a@to_html; 删除 drop snapshot snap_to_html 手工刷新快照,(调用DBMS_SNAPSHOT包中的refresh过程)DBMS_SNAPSHOT.refresh(snapshot_name,refresh_type); begin DBMS_SNAPSHOT.REFRESH(\'snap_to_html\',\'c\'); end; 对所有快照进行刷新 begin DBMS_SNAPSHOT.REFRESH_ALL; end; 怎样执行远程的内嵌过程 begin otherdbpro@to_html(参数); end; 26、用户管理 create a user: database authentication sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; <1>.查看当前用户的缺省表空间 SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users; <2>生成用户时指定缺省表空间 create user 用户名 identified by 口令 default tablespace 表空间名; <3>重新指定用户的缺省表空间 alter user 用户名 default tablespace 表空间名 <4>查看当前用户的角色 SQL>select * from user_role_privs; <5>查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限 SQL>select * from user_sys_privs; SQL>select * from user_tab_privs; <6>查看用户下所有的表 SQL>select * from user_tables; <7> alter user语句的quota子句限制用户的磁盘空间 如:alter user jf quota 10M on system; 27、查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表 SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,\'Y\')>0; 28、约束条件 create table employee (empno number(10) primary key, name varchar2(40) not null, deptno number(2) default 10, salary number(7,2) check salary<10000, birth_date date, soc_see_num char(9) unique, foreign key(deptno) references dept.deptno) tablespace users; 关键字(primary key)必须是非空,表中记录的唯一性 not null 非空约束 default 缺省值约束 check 检查约束,使列的值符合一定的标准范围 unqiue 唯一性约束 foreign key 外部键约束 29、查看创建视图的select语句 SQL>set view_name,text_length from user_views; SQL>set long 2000; 说明:可以根据视图的text_length值设定set long 的大小 SQL>select text from user_views where view_name=upper(\'&view_name\'); 30、查看同义词的名称 SQL>select * from user_synonyms; 31、用Sql语句实现查找一列中第N大值 select * from (select t.*,dense_rank() over (order by sal) rank from employee) where rank = N; 32 虚拟自段 <1>. CURRVAL 和 nextval 为表创建序列 CREATE SEQUENCE EMPSEQ ... ; SELECT empseq.currval FROM DUAL ; 自动插入序列的数值 INSERT INTO emp VALUES (empseq.nextval, \'LEWIS\', \'CLERK\', 7902, SYSDATE, 1200, NULL, 20) ; <2>. ROWNUM 按设定排序的行的序号 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ROWNUM < 10 ; <3>. ROWID 返回行的物理地址 SELECT ROWID, ename FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20 ; 33、对CLOB字段进行全文检索 SELECT * FROM A WHERE dbms_lob.instr(a.a,\'K\',1,1)>0; 34. 特殊字符的插入,比如\"&\" insert into a values (translate (\'at{&}t\',\'at{}\',\'at\')); 35.表管理 <1>.create a table sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache] <2>.copy an existing table sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery <3> create table ... as 方式建表的时候,指定表参数 create table a storage( initial 1M /*第一次创建时分配空间*/ next 1M /*第一次分配的存储空间用完时在分配*/ ) as select * from b; <4>.创建临时表 sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows 在Oracle中,可以创建以下两种临时表: a 会话特有的临时表: create global temporary table () on commit preserve rows; 会话指定,当中断会话时ORACLE将截断表 b 事务特有的临时表: create global temporary table () on commit delete rows; 事务指定,每次提交后ORACLE将截断表(删除全部行) c 说明 临时表只在当前连接内有效   临时表不建立索引,所以如果数据量比较大或进行多次查询时,不推荐使用   数据处理比较复杂的时候时表快,反之视图快点   在仅仅查询数据的时候建议用游标: open cursor for \'sql clause\'; <5> pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space) <6>.change storage and block utilization parameter sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100); <7>.manually allocating extents sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile \'c:/oracle/data.dbf\'); <8>.move tablespace sql> alter table employee move tablespace users; <9>.deallocate of unused space sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer] <10>.drop a column sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; alter table table_name drop columns continue; <11>.mark a column as unused sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs 37. 中文是如何排序的? Oracle9i之前,中文是按照二进制编码进行排序的。 在oracle9i中新增了按照拼音、部首、笔画排序功能。设置NLS_SORT值 SCHINESE_RADICAL_M 按照部首(第一顺序)、笔划(第二顺序)排序 SCHINESE_STROKE_M 按照笔划(第一顺序)、部首(第二顺序)排序 SCHINESE_PINYIN_M 按照拼音排序 38. 数据表中的字段最大数: 表或视图中的最大列数为 1000 39. oracle中的裸设备: 裸设备就是绕过文件系统直接访问的储存空间 40. 在Oracle服务器上通过SQLPLUS查看本机IP地址 ? select sys_context(\'userenv\',\'ip_address\') from dual; 如果是登陆本机数据库,只能返回127.0.0.1 41. 在ORACLE中取毫秒? 9i之前不支持,9i开始有timestamp. 9i可以用select systimestamp from dual; 42. 将N秒转换为时分秒格式? set serverout on declare N number := 1000000; ret varchar2(100); begin ret := trunc(n/3600) || \'小时\' || to_char(to_date(mod(n,3600),\'sssss\'),\'fmmi\"分 \"ss\"秒\"\') ; dbms_output.put_line(ret); end; 43、在某个用户下找所有的索引 select user_indexes.table_name, user_indexes.index_name,uniqueness, column_name from user_ind_columns, user_indexes where user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name and user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name order by user_indexes.table_type, user_indexes.table_name, user_indexes.index_name, column_position; 44. not in的替代。 一般not in的效率比较低。特别是数据量大的时候,几乎不能执行。 用下面几种方式可以替换写法 比如要查询在fee_rev_info表中已经销户的用户(不在cm_user中的)(不过下面的例子不是很好,因为bill_id是cm_user的唯一索引) select * from fee_rev_info where bill_id not in (select bill_id from cm_user) <1> 用not exists select * from fee_rev_info a where not exists (select \'p\' from cm_user b where b.bill_id = a.bill_id) <2> 用外连接(+) select a.* from fee_rev_info a,cm_user b where a.bill_id = b.bill_id (+) and b.bill_id is null <3> 用hash_aj select /*+HASH_AJ*/* from fee_rev_info where bill_id not in (select bill_id from cm_user) 45.怎么样查询特殊字符,如通配符%与_ 假如数据库中有表 STATIONTYPE,STATION_571 STATION_572 ... select * from tab where tname like \'STATION_%\' 会显示 STATIONTYPE,STATION_571 ... 可以用下面的语句 select * from tab where tname like \'STATION\\_%\' escape\'\\\' 46.如果存在就更新,不存在就插入可以用一个语句实现吗 9i已经支持了,是Merge,但是只支持select子查询, 如果是单条数据记录,可以写作select .... from dual的子查询。 语法为: MERGE INTO table USING data_source ON (condition) WHEN MATCHED THEN update_clause WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN insert_clause; 如 MERGE INTO cm_user_credit USING (select * from dual) ON (user_id =1302514690 ) when MATCHED then update set credit_value = 1000 when NOT MATCHED then insert (user_id,acc_id,bill_id,plan_id,region_code,credit_value) values(1302514690,1305032158,\'13857141218\',10070247,\'571\',1000); 47.怎么实现一条记录根据条件多表插入 9i以上可以通过Insert all语句完成,仅仅是一个语句,如: INSERT ALL WHEN (id=1) THEN INTO table_1 (id, name) values(id,name) WHEN (id=2) THEN INTO table_2 (id, name) values(id,name) ELSE INTO table_other (id, name) values(id, name) SELECT id,name FROM a; 如果没有条件的话,则完成每个表的插入,如 INSERT ALL INTO table_1 (id, name) values(id,name) INTO table_2 (id, name) values(id,name) INTO table_other (id, name) values(id, name) SELECT id,name FROM a; 48.如何实现行列转换 <1>、固定列数的行列转换 如 student subject grade --------------------------- student1 语文 80 student1 数学 70 student1 英语 60 student2 语文 90 student2 数学 80 student2 英语 100 ... 转换为 语文 数学 英语 student1 80 70 60 student2 90 80 100 ... 语句如下: select student,sum(decode(subject,\'语文\', grade,null)) \"语文\", sum(decode(subject,\'数学\', grade,null)) \"数学\", sum(decode(subject,\'英语\', grade,null)) \"英语\" from table group by student <2>、不定列行列转换 如 c1 c2 -------------- 1 我 1 是 1 谁 2 知 2 道 3 不 ... 转换为 1 我是谁 2 知道 3 不 这一类型的转换必须借助于PL/SQL来完成,这里给一个例子 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_c2(tmp_c1 NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS Col_c2 VARCHAR2(4000); BEGIN FOR cur IN (SELECT c2 FROM t WHERE c1=tmp_c1) LOOP Col_c2 := Col_c2||cur.c2; END LOOP; Col_c2 := rtrim(Col_c2,1); RETURN Col_c2; END; / SQL> select distinct c1 ,get_c2(c1) cc2 from table;即可 --例子: create table okcai_1 ( user_id varchar2(10), user_number varchar2(10), user_num number(8) ) user_id user_number user_num --------------------- 1 123 2 1 456 5 1 789 6 2 11 2 2 22 3 2 33 4 2 44 5 2 55 6 2 66 7 2 77 8 3 1234 1 3 5678 2 方式一: create or replace function get_col( p_userId number, p_col number ) return varchar as v_tmp varchar2(255); begin select user_number||chr(9)||user_num into v_tmp from (select user_number,user_num,rownum row_id from okcai_1 where user_id = p_userId) a where row_id = p_col; return ltrim(v_tmp); --return v_tmp; end; 然后 select distinct user_id,get_col(user_id,1),get_col(user_id,2),get_col(user_id,3) .... from okcai_1 方式二: create or replace function get_col( p_userId number, p_col number ) return varchar as v_tmp varchar2(255); begin select user_number||chr(9)||user_num into v_tmp from (select user_number,user_num,rownum row_id from okcai_1 where user_id = p_userId) a where row_id = p_col; return ltrim(v_tmp); --return v_tmp; end; select distinct user_id,get_col_new(user_id) from okcai_1; 49.怎么设置存储过程的调用者权限 普通存储过程都是所有者权限,如果想设置调用者权限,请参考如下语句 create or replace procedure ...() AUTHID CURRENT_USER As begin ... end; 50.Oracle有哪些常见关键字 详细信息可以查看v$reserved_words视图 51.怎么查看数据库参数 <1> show parameter 参数名 如通过show parameter spfile可以查看9i是否使用spfile文件 其中参数名是可以匹配的。 比如show parameter cursor ,则会显示跟cursor相关的参数 <2> select * from v$parameter <3> 除了这部分参数Oracle还有大量隐含参数,可以通过如下语句查看: SELECT NAME ,VALUE ,decode(isdefault, \'TRUE\',\'Y\',\'N\') as \"Default\" ,decode(ISEM,\'TRUE\',\'Y\',\'N\') as SesMod ,decode(ISYM,\'IMMEDIATE\', \'I\', \'DEFERRED\', \'D\', \'FALSE\', \'N\') as SysMod ,decode(IMOD,\'MODIFIED\',\'U\', \'SYS_MODIFIED\',\'S\',\'N\') as Modified ,decode(IADJ,\'TRUE\',\'Y\',\'N\') as Adjusted ,description FROM ( --GV$SYSTEM_PARAMETER SELECT x.inst_id as instance ,x.indx+1 ,ksppinm as NAME ,ksppity ,ksppstvl as VALUE ,ksppstdf as isdefault ,decode(bitand(ksppiflg/256,1),1,\'TRUE\',\'FALSE\') as ISEM ,decode(bitand(ksppiflg/65536,3), 1,\'IMMEDIATE\',2,\'DEFERRED\',\'FALSE\') as ISYM ,decode(bitand(ksppstvf,7),1,\'MODIFIED\',\'FALSE\') as IMOD ,decode(bitand(ksppstvf,2),2,\'TRUE\',\'FALSE\') as IADJ ,ksppdesc as DESCRIPTION FROM x$ksppi x ,x$ksppsv y WHERE x.indx = y.indx AND substr(ksppinm,1,1) = \'_\' AND x.inst_id = USERENV(\'Instance\') ) ORDER BY NAME 52.怎样建立基于函数索引 8i以上版本,确保 Query_rewrite_enabled=true Query_rewrite_integrity=trusted Compatible=8.1.0以上 Create index indexname on table (function(field)); 53.怎么样移动表或表分区 [A]移动表的语法 Alter table tablename move [Tablespace new_name Storage(initial 50M next 50M pctincrease 0 pctfree 10 pctused 50 initrans 2) nologging] 移动分区的语法 alter table tablename move (partition partname) [update global indexes] 之后之后必须重建索引 Alter index indexname rebuild 如果表有Lob段,那么正常的Alter不能移动Lob段到别的表空间,而仅仅是移动了表段,可以采用如下的方法移动Lob段 alter table tablename move lob(lobsegname) store as (tablespace newts); 54.怎么样修改表的列名 [A]9i以上版本可以采用rname命令 ALTER TABLE UserName.TabName RENAME COLUMN SourceColumn TO DestColumn 9i以下版本可以采用create table …… as select * from SourceTable的方式。 另外,8i以上可以支持删除列了 ALTER TABLE UserName.TabName SET UNUSED (ColumnName) CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ALTER TABLE UserName.TabName DROP (ColumnName) CASCADE CONSTRAINTS 55.case的用法 在sql语句中 CASE test_value WHEN expression1 THEN value1 [[WHEN expression2 THEN value2] [...]] [ELSE default_value] END 比如1 SELECT last_name, job_id, salary CASE job_id WHEN \'IT_PROG\' THEN 1.10*salary WHEN \'ST_CLERK\' THEN 1.15*salary WHEN \'SA_REP\' THEN 1.20*salary ELSE salary END \"REVISED_SALARY\" FROM employees 比如2 select case when real_charge>=20000 and real_charge<30000 then 5000 when real_charge>=30000 and real_charge<40000 then 9000 when real_charge>=40000 and real_charge<50000 then 10000 when real_charge>=50000 and real_charge<60000 then 14000 when real_charge>=60000 and real_charge<70000 then 18000 when real_charge>=70000 and real_charge<80000 then 19000 when real_charge>=80000 and real_charge<90000 then 24000 when real_charge>=90000 and real_charge<100000 then 27000 when real_charge>=100000 and real_charge<110000 then 27000 when real_charge>=110000 and real_charge<120000 then 29000 when real_charge>=120000 then 36000 else 0 end ,acc_id,user_id,real_charge from okcai_jh_charge_200505 在存储过程中 case v_strGroupClassCode when \'1\' then v_nAttrNum := v_nAttrNum + 300; v_strAttrFlag := \'1\'||substr(v_strAttrFlag,2,7); when \'2\' then v_nAttrNum := v_nAttrNum + 200; v_strAttrFlag := \'2\'||substr(v_strAttrFlag,2,7); else NULL; end case; 注意的是存储过程和sql语句有的细微差别是用end case,而不是end。语句后面跟\";\"

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