python编程用语_符合语言习惯的Python编程

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符合语言习惯的Python编程

Jun 2013 ·

He, Xiaocong

Programs must be written for people to read,

and only incidentally for machines to execute.

程序必须先让人读懂，然后才能让计算机执行。

- Abelson & Sussman

交换赋值

不推荐

temp = a

a = b

b = a

推荐

a, b = b, a # 先生成一个元组(tuple)对象，然后unpack

Unpacking

不推荐

l = ['David', 'Pythonista', '+1-514-555-1234']

first_name = l[0]

last_name = l[1]

phone_number = l[2]

推荐

l = ['David', 'Pythonista', '+1-514-555-1234']

first_name, last_name, phone_number = l

# Python 3 Only

first, *middle, last = another_list

使用操作符in

不推荐

if fruit == "apple" or fruit == "orange" or fruit == "berry":

# 多次判断

推荐

if fruit in ["apple", "orange", "berry"]:

# 使用 in 更加简洁

字符串操作

不推荐

colors = ['red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow']

result = ''

for s in colors:

result += s # 每次赋值都丢弃以前的字符串对象, 生成一个新对象

推荐

colors = ['red', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow']

result = ''.join(colors) # 没有额外的内存分配

字典键值列表

不推荐

for key in my_dict.keys():

# my_dict[key] ...

推荐

for key in my_dict:

# my_dict[key] ...

# 只有当循环中需要更改key值的情况下，我们需要使用 my_dict.keys()

# 生成静态的键值列表。

字典键值判断

不推荐

if my_dict.has_key(key):

# ...do something with d[key]

推荐

if key in my_dict:

# ...do something with d[key]

字典 get 和 setdefault 方法

不推荐

navs = {}

for (portfolio, equity, position) in data:

if portfolio not in navs:

navs[portfolio] = 0

navs[portfolio] += position * prices[equity]

推荐

navs = {}

for (portfolio, equity, position) in data:

# 使用 get 方法

navs[portfolio] = navs.get(portfolio, 0) + \

position * prices[equity]

# 或者使用 setdefault 方法

navs.setdefault(portfolio, 0)

navs[portfolio] += position * prices[equity]

判断真伪

不推荐

if x == True:

# ....

if len(items) != 0:

# ...

if items != []:

# ...

推荐

if x:

# ....

if items:

# ...

遍历列表以及索引

不推荐

items = 'zero one two three'.split()

# method 1

i = 0

for item in items:

print i, item

i += 1

# method 2

for i in range(len(items)):

print i, items[i]

推荐

items = 'zero one two three'.split()

for i, item in enumerate(items):

print i, item

列表推导

不推荐

new_list = []

for item in a_list:

if condition(item):

new_list.append(fn(item))

推荐

new_list = [fn(item) for item in a_list if condition(item)]

列表推导-嵌套

不推荐

for sub_list in nested_list:

if list_condition(sub_list):

for item in sub_list:

if item_condition(item):

# do something...

推荐

gen = (item for sl in nested_list if list_condition(sl) \

for item in sl if item_condition(item))

for item in gen:

# do something...

循环嵌套

不推荐

for x in x_list:

for y in y_list:

for z in z_list:

# do something for x & y

推荐

from itertools import product

for x, y, z in product(x_list, y_list, z_list):

# do something for x, y, z

尽量使用生成器代替列表

不推荐

def my_range(n):

i = 0

result = []

while i < n:

result.append(fn(i))

i += 1

return result # 返回列表

推荐

def my_range(n):

i = 0

result = []

while i < n:

yield fn(i) # 使用生成器代替列表

i += 1

*尽量用生成器代替列表，除非必须用到列表特有的函数。

中间结果尽量使用imap/ifilter代替map/filter

不推荐

reduce(rf, filter(ff, map(mf, a_list)))

推荐

from itertools import ifilter, imap

reduce(rf, ifilter(ff, imap(mf, a_list)))

*lazy evaluation 会带来更高的内存使用效率，特别是当处理大数据操作的时候。

使用any/all函数

不推荐

found = False

for item in a_list:

if condition(item):

found = True

break

if found:

# do something if found...

推荐

if any(condition(item) for item in a_list):

# do something if found...

属性(property)

不推荐

class Clock(object):

def __init__(self):

self.__hour = 1

def setHour(self, hour):

if 25 > hour > 0: self.__hour = hour

else: raise BadHourException

def getHour(self):

return self.__hour

推荐

class Clock(object):

def __init__(self):

self.__hour = 1

def __setHour(self, hour):

if 25 > hour > 0: self.__hour = hour

else: raise BadHourException

def __getHour(self):

return self.__hour

hour = property(__getHour, __setHour)

使用 with 处理文件打开

不推荐

f = open("some_file.txt")

try:

data = f.read()

# 其他文件操作..

finally:

f.close()

推荐

with open("some_file.txt") as f:

data = f.read()

# 其他文件操作...

使用 with 忽视异常(仅限Python 3)

不推荐

try:

os.remove("somefile.txt")

except OSError:

pass

推荐

from contextlib import ignored # Python 3 only

with ignored(OSError):

os.remove("somefile.txt")

使用 with 处理加锁

不推荐

import threading

lock = threading.Lock()

lock.acquire()

try:

# 互斥操作...

finally:

lock.release()

推荐

import threading

lock = threading.Lock()

with lock:

# 互斥操作...

参考

Idiomatic Python: http://python.net/~goodger/projects/pycon/2007/idiomatic/handout.html

Python Code Style: http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/style.html

谢谢 !

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