python rest api和视图函数区别_python测试开发django-rest-framework-62.基于类的视图(APIView和View)...

前言

django中编辑视图views.py有两种方式，一种是基于类的实现，另外一种是函数式的实现方式，两种方法都可以用。

REST框架提供了一个APIView类，它是Django View类的子类。

View与APIView的区别

View是Django默认的视图基类，APIView是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类, 继承自Django的View。

APIView与View的不同之处在于：

传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request对象，而不是Django的HttpRequeset对象；

视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response对象，视图会为响应数据设置(render)符合前端要求的格式；

任何APIException异常都会被捕获到，并且处理成合适的响应信息；APIException异常捕获

在进行dispatch()分发前，会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制。

django的View部分源码

class View:

"""

Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements

dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.

"""

http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

"""

Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra

keyword arguments, and other things.

"""

# Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our

# instance, or raise an error.

for key, value in kwargs.items():

setattr(self, key, value)

REST framework的APIView继承了django的View，部分源码如下

class APIView(View):

# The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view.

renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES

parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES

authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES

throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES

permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES

content_negotiation_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS

metadata_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS

versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS

# Allow dependency injection of other settings to make testing easier.

settings = api_settings

schema = DefaultSchema()

APIView多了一些属性和方法，比如：身份认证、权限检查、流量控制

authentication_classes 身份认证

permission_classes 权限检查

throttle_classes 流量控制

django的View

先使用django自带的view，获取一个Card表里面的卡号信息：

models.py设计card表

# models.py

class Card(models.Model):

'''银行卡 基本信息 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''

card_id = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="卡号", default="")

card_user = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="姓名", default="")

add_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:

verbose_name_plural = '银行卡账户'

verbose_name = "银行卡账户_基本信息"

def __str__(self):

return self.card_id

views.py视图的编写

from django.http import JsonResponse

from rest_framework import serializers

from django.core import serializers as dj_serializers # 避免和rest_framework里面的serializers冲突

from .models import *

from django.views.generic.base import View

import json

# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

class CardListView(View):

'''基于django的view实现获取card列表'''

def get(self, request):

data = {}

cards = Card.objects.all()

data['result'] = json.loads(dj_serializers.serialize("json", cards))

return JsonResponse(data)

urls.py设置访问地址

from apiapp import views

from django.conf.urls import url

# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^api/v1/cards/$', views.CardListView.as_view()),

]

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cards/,测试结果

REST framework的APIView

REST framework的APIView继承了django的View类，先序列化Card类，这里的序列化用rest_framework里面的ModelSerializer

from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework.views import APIView

from rest_framework import serializers

from .models import *

from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated,AllowAny

from rest_framework.authentication import TokenAuthentication

# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

class CardAPISerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): # 继承自ModelSerializer类

'''序列化数据的类，根据model表来获取字段'''

class Meta:

model = Card

fields = '__all__'

class CardListAPIView(APIView):

'''REST framework的APIView实现获取card列表 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''

# authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication,) # token认证

# permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,) # IsAuthenticated 仅通过认证的用户

permission_classes = (AllowAny,) # 允许所有用户

def get(self, request, format=None):

"""

Return a list of all users.

"""

cards = Card.objects.all()

serializer = CardAPISerializer(cards, many=True)

return Response(serializer.data)

配置urls.py,设置访问地址

from apiapp import views

from django.conf.urls import url

# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^api/v1/cardlist/$', views.CardListAPIView.as_view()),

]

访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cardlist/,测试结果