使用functool中的wraps,可以复制一些信息(__name__,__doc__,__module__, __dict__),但是signature还是会被改变(比如参数信息),要保留正确的参数信息,可以使用decorate,从接口上看decorate和update_wrapper相反,这和api的命名就有关了:
update_wrapper wrapper with wrapped.
decorate function with a caller function (the caller function describing the functionality of the decorator).
特别之处在于,decorate方法要求参数中的caller function具备完整的signature
The caller function must have signature (f, *args, **kw), and it must call the original function f with arguments args and kw, implementing the wanted capability (in this case, memoization)
以下面的例子来说,_memoize是caller function,memoize是decorator
def _memoize(func, *args, **kw):if kw: #frozenset is used to ensure hashability
key =args, frozenset(kw.items())else:
key=args
cache= func.cache #attribute added by memoize
if key not incache:
cache[key]= func(*args, **kw)returncache[key]defmemoize(f):"""A simple memoize implementation. It works by adding a .cache dictionary
to the decorated function. The cache will grow indefinitely, so it is
your responsability to clear it, if needed."""f.cache={}returndecorate(f, _memoize)>>>@memoize
...defheavy_computation():
... time.sleep(2)
...return "done"
>>> print(getargspec(heavy_computation))
ArgSpec(args=[], varargs=None, varkw=None, defaults=None)
使用decorator模块可以防止更改signature,这样decorator符合一个signature-preserving decorators的要求:
Callable objects which accept a function as input and return a function as output, with the same signature.
来看另外一个例子
def _trace(f, *args, **kw):
kwstr= ','.join('%r: %r' % (k, kw[k]) for k insorted(kw))print("calling %s with args %s, {%s}" % (f.__name__, args, kwstr))return f(*args, **kw)deftrace(f):return decorate(f, _trace)
先了解一下结构:
python中单下划线开头代表这是一个内部函数,这里是_trace;
_trace是decorator内部描述装饰器功能的一个函数,也可以说是wrapper,f是那个wrapped;
与之前的memoize不同,这里的trace只返回内部函数_trace,不声明其余内容;
所以可以加语法糖!使用@decorator就达到一样的效果,将一个caller function转换成一个signature-reserving decorator。
>>>@decorator
...def trace(f, *args, **kw):
... kwstr= ','.join('%r: %r' % (k, kw[k]) for k insorted(kw))
...print("calling %s with args %s, {%s}" % (f.__name__, args, kwstr))
...return f(*args, **kw)
.