今天Python3.8发布啦,我们一起看看这个版本都添加了那些新功能和特性。
PEP 572: Assignment Expressions
PEP 572的标题是赋值表达式,也叫做「命名表达式」,不过它现在被广泛的别名是「海象运算符」(The Walrus Operator)。因为:=很像海象「眼睛小,长着两枚长长的牙」这个特点^_^。
具体内容可以看我之前写的文章: PEP572: 海象运算符,在这里给大家展示个通过用PEP 572改写的一行实现斐波那契数列的例子:
In : (lambda f: f(f, int(input('Input: ')), 1, 0, 1))(lambda f, t, i, a, b: print(f'fib({i}) = {b}') or t == i or f
...: (f, t, i + 1, b, a + b))
Input: 10
fib(1) = 1
fib(2) = 1
fib(3) = 2
fib(4) = 3
fib(5) = 5
fib(6) = 8
fib(7) = 13
fib(8) = 21
fib(9) = 34
fib(10) = 55
Out: True
基于Raymond Hettinger版本改写:
In : [(t:=(t[1], sum(t)) if i else (0,1))[1] for i in range(10)]
Out: [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]
PEP 570: Python Positional-Only parameters
PEP 570说白了就是强制使用者用位置参数
PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
现在可以给Python运行时添加审计钩子:
In : import sys
...: import urllib.request
...:
...:
...: def audit_hook(event, args):
...: if event in ['urllib.Request']:
...: print(f'Network {event=} {args=}')
...:
...: sys.addaudithook(audit_hook)
In : urllib.request.urlopen('https://httpbin.org/get?a=1')
Network event='urllib.Request' args=('https://httpbin.org/get?a=1', None, {}, 'GET')
Out:
目前支持审计的事件名字和API可以看PEP文档(延伸阅读链接2),urllib.Request是其中之一。另外还可以自定义事件:
In : def audit_hook(event, args):
...: if event in ['make_request']:
...: print(f'Network {event=} {args=}')
...:
In : sys.addaudithook(audit_hook)
In : sys.audit('make_request', 'https://baidu.com')
Network event='make_request' args=('https://baidu.com',)
In : sys.audit('make_request', 'https://douban.com')
Network event='make_request' args=('https://douban.com',)
Multiprocessing shared memory
可以跨进程直接访问同一内存(共享):
# IPython进程A
In : from multiprocessing import shared_memory
In : a = shared_memory.ShareableList([1, 'a', 0.1])
In : a
Out: ShareableList([1, 'a', 0.1], name='psm_d5d6ba1b') # 注意name
# IPython进程B(另外一个终端进入IPython)
In : from multiprocessing import shared_memory
In : b = shared_memory.ShareableList(name='psm_d5d6ba1b') # 使用name就可以共享内存
In : b
Out: ShareableList([1, 'a', 0.1], name='psm_d5d6ba1b')
New importlib.metadata module
使用新的importlib.metadata模块可以直接读取第三方包的元数据:
In : from importlib.metadata import version, files, requires, distribution
In : version('flask')
Out: '1.1.1'
In : requires('requests')
Out:
['chardet (<3.1.0,>=3.0.2)',
'idna (<2.9,>=2.5)',
'urllib3 (!=1.25.0,!=1.25.1,<1.26,>=1.21.1)',
'certifi (>=2017.4.17)',
"pyOpenSSL (>=0.14) ; extra == 'security'",
"cryptography (>=1.3.4) ; extra == 'security'",
"idna (>=2.0.0) ; extra == 'security'",
"PySocks (!=1.5.7,>=1.5.6) ; extra == 'socks'",
'win-inet-pton ; (sys_platform == "win32" and python_version == "2.7") and extra ==\'socks\'']
In : dist = distribution('celery')
In : dist.version
Out: '4.3.0'
In : dist.metadata['Requires-Python']
Out: '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
In : dist.metadata['License']
In : dist.entry_points
Out:
[EntryPoint(name='celery', value='celery.__main__:main', group='console_scripts'),
EntryPoint(name='celery', value='celery.contrib.pytest', group='pytest11')]
In : files('celery')[8]
Out: PackagePath('celery/__init__.py')
In : dist.locate_file(files('celery')[8])
Out: PosixPath('/Users/dongweiming/test/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/celery/__init__.py')
functools.cached_property
缓存属性 (cached_property) 是一个非常常用的功能,很多知名 Python 项目都自己实现过它,现在终于进入版本库了。
functools.lru_cache作为装饰器时可以不加参数
lru_cache装饰器支持max_size和typed2个参数,如果对默认参数不敏感,过去只能这么用(需要空括号):
In : @lru_cache()
...: def add(a, b):
...: return a + b
...:
从3.8开始可以直接作为装饰器,而不是作为返回装饰器的函数(不加括号):
In : @lru_cache
...: def add(a, b):
...: return a + b
...:
就像dataclasses.dataclass,绝大部分场景都是这么用:
@dataclass
class InventoryItem:
...
其实dataclass支持多个参数:
def dataclass(cls=None, /, *, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False,
unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False):
所以这种使用全部缺省值的装饰器工厂用法中,括号反而显得多余了。
Asyncio REPL
F-strings DEBUG
Async Mock
单元测试模块unittest添加了mock异步代码的类:
In : import asyncio
In : from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
In : mock = AsyncMock(return_value={'json': 123})
In : await mock()
Out: {'json': 123}
In : asyncio.run(mock())
Out: {'json': 123}
In : async def main(*args, **kwargs):
...: return await mock(*args, **kwargs)
...:
In : asyncio.run(main())
Out: {'json': 123}
In : mock = MagicMock() # AsyncMock也可以
In : mock.__aiter__.return_value = [1, 2, 3]
In : async def main():
...: return [i async for i in mock]
...:
In : asyncio.run(main())
Out: [1, 2, 3]
Generalized iterable unpacking in yield and return
后记
全部更改详情请查阅Changelog(延伸阅读链接1),另外推荐阅读延伸阅读链接3和4,都是非常好的补充
延伸阅读