刷过了English Prepositions Explained的in部分,我大概说一下
in的概念是这样的
|------|
| o |
|------|
也就是有一个东西被围在边界里面了,和into相比,更加强调状态而不是动作
说一下几个困难的地方吧
其中一种是in circumstances,因为 circum- 其实有in的意思;于是 in embrassment之类的
不过和under有区别,on 的话有作为在....上面有burden的意思,于是是under pressure
into需要一个显明的landmark
所以有 get in late 没有get into late
并且into常常穿过边界的意思,而且to 强调动作于是 The car crushed into the tree. 而非是in
不过into不一定需要穿过边界,可以是一个动作的持续,比如 We drove into deeper the forest.
in good condition; into existence需要关于landmark的metaphor的想象
还有inward,指的是向中间聚集的方向
大概这么总结吧
补一下关于时间的地方,我是转述EPE的,可能我理解错了,可能EPE有瑕疵,也可能别的原因,请慎重接受
In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our
mammalian ancestors probably managed to survive at all because they find
ways scraping a living at night.
这是因为managed to survive是在when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy中间的事情
可以这样看
dinosaurs started to dominate the daytime economy ---------- survive ----------- dinosaurs unable to dominate the daytime economy
survive被这段时间封闭了,所以是in,一个类似的例句是
What did the universe look like in the first second after the big bang?
或者这么说,每个介词对应一种或者多种metaphor,结果所有的介词的metaphor中,只有in的封闭可以针对这个描述
等我看完EPE之后可能会补上所有介词在时间上的metaphor(小概率事件
上面那句已经不可能了
八卦一下,这句用by也不错;比如吸血鬼电影they live by night是把时间段night当作live的方法(means),于是
By the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian
ancestors probably managed to survive at all because they find ways
scraping a living at night.
看起来也很爽