距离矢量路由算法_【零基础学云计算】动态路由——RIP 理论+实践篇（一）

动态路由

动态路由

• 基于某种路由协议实现

动态路由特点

• 减少了管理任务
• 占用了网络带宽

动态路由协议概述

• 路由器之间用来交换信息的语言

度量值

• 条数 （越少越好）
• 带宽 （越大越好）
• 负载
• 延时 （广播多的情况下，路线选择比较长时....)
• 可靠性
• 成本 (路径成本，带宽、链路成本)

收敛

• 使所有路由表都达到一致状态的过程

静态路由与动态路由的比较

• 网络中静态路由和动态路由互相补充

按照路由执行的算法分类

距离矢量路由协议

• 依据从源网络到目标网络所经过的路由器的个数选择路由
• RIP、IGRP

链路状态路由协议

• 综合考虑从源网络到目标网络的各条路径的情况选择路由
• OSPF、IS-IS

RIP路由

RIP路由协议工作原理

RIP是距离-矢量路由选择协议

RIP的基本概念

• 定期更新
• 邻居
• 广播更新
• 全路由表更新

路由表的形成

• 路由学习到直连路由
• 更新周期30s到时，路由器会向邻居发送路由表
• 再过30s，第二个更新周期到了再次发送路由表

RIP度量值为条数

• 最大条数为15跳，16跳为不可达

RIP更新时间

• 每隔30s发送路由更新消息，UDP520端口

RIP路由更新消息

• 发送整个路由表信息

路由环路

• 在维护路由表信息的时候，如果在拓扑发生改变后，网络收敛缓慢产生了不协调或者矛盾的路由选择条目，就会发生路由环路的问题，这种条件下，路由器对无法到达的网络路由不予理睬，导致用户的数据包不停在网络上循环发送，最终造成网络资源的严重浪费。

执行水平分割可以阻止路由环路的发生

• 从一个接口学习到路由信息，不再从这个接口发出去
• 同时也能减少路由更新信息占用的链路带宽资源

RIP的配置

启动RIP进程

• router rip

宣告主网络号

• network network-number

查看路由协议的配置

• show ip portocols

RIP v1和RIP v2的区别

RIP v2的配置

• 启用版本v2

router rip

version 2

• 关闭RIP v2路由自动汇总

no auto-summary

Demo

实验化境：

安装GNS 3软件，并在软件中安装路由镜

GNS 3下载 使用方法 c3725路由镜像文件（链接）

构建拓扑实验

1、在GNS 3中构建网络拓扑图，使用三个路由设备，在路由设备中设置RIP动态路由，是PC1与PC2互联。（注意接口网段是划分）

2、开启全部设备，并先在R2路由设备，并添加接口网段信息

R2#conf t //进入全局模式

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R2(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口

R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 //添加网段

R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R2(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:03:21.759: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:03:22.759: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

R2(config-if)#exit //退出接口

R2(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口

R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.252 //添加网段

R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R2(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:04:13.043: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:04:14.043: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

R2(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 //成功添加网段

192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

3、进入R1路由设备，并添加接口网段信息

R1#conf t //进入全局模式

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口

R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.252 //添加网段

R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R1(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:11:18.063: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:11:19.063: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

R1(config-if)#exit //退出接口

R1(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口

R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.252 //添加网段

R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R1(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:12:22.463: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:12:23.463: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 //成功添加网段

192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

4、进入R3路由设备，并添加接口网段信息

R3#conf t //进入全局模式

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R3(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口

R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.252 //添加网段

R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R3(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:15:54.763: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:15:55.763: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

R3(config-if)#exit //退出接口

R3(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口

R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0 //添加网段

R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口

R3(config-if)#

*Mar 1 00:16:36.811: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

*Mar 1 00:16:37.811: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

R3(config-if)#exit

R3(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 //成功添加网段

C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

5、在两台PC机上分别配置IP地址

PC1> ip 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.1 //添加IP地址及网关

Checking for duplicate address...

PC1 : 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1 //成功配置IP地址

PC2> ip 192.168.40.2 192.168.40.1 //添加IP地址及网关

Checking for duplicate address...

PC1 : 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.40.1 //成功配置IP地址

6、回到R2路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议

R2(config)#router rip //进入路由进程

R2(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 //宣告直连网段

R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 //宣告直连网段

R2(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2

R2(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能

R2(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程

7、在R1路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议

R1(config)#router rip //进入路由进程

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 //宣告直连网段

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 //宣告直连网段

R1(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2

R1(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能

R1(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程

8、在R3路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议

R3(config)#router rip //进入路由进程

R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 //宣告直连网段

R3(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 //宣告直连网段

R3(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2

R3(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能

R3(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程

9、分别查看路由设备中的路由表，是否成功自动学习网段信息

R2(config)#do show ip rout //查看R2路由设备路由表

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

R 192.168.30.0 [120/1] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段

C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R 192.168.40.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段

192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

R1(config)#do show ip rout //查看R1路由设备路由表

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.20.1, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段

R 192.168.40.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.30.2, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段

192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R3(config)#do show ip rout //查看R3路由设备路由表

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, 00:00:15, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段

C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1

192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets

R 192.168.20.0 [120/1] via 192.168.30.1, 00:00:15, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段

10、在PC机中使用ping命令查看两台PC机是否相互通信

PC1> ping 192.168.40.2 //使用ping命令查看是否与PC2通信

192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=1 timeout

192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=2 timeout

192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=3 timeout

84 bytes from 192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=52.159 ms //成功通信

84 bytes from 192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=52.522 ms

写在最后：

本专栏所有文章均为南京课工场学员投稿，如有问题欢迎指出讨论，未经允许，禁止转载！