arcgis中python坡度计算_ArcGis如何计算坡度Slope？

For each cell, Slope calculates the maximum rate of change in value

from that cell to its neighbors. Basically, the maximum change in

elevation over the distance between the cell and its eight

neighbors identifies the steepest downhill descent from the

cell.

Conceptually, the Slope function fits a plane to the z-values of a

3 x 3 cell neighborhood around the processing or center cell. The

slope value of this plane is calculated using the average maximum

technique (see References). The direction the plane faces is the

aspect for the processing cell.

The lower the slope value, the flatter the terrain; the higher the

slope value, the steeper the terrain.

If there is a cell location in the neighborhood with a NoData

z-value, the z-value of the center cell will be assigned to the

location. At the edge of the raster, at least three cells (outside

the raster's extent) will contain NoData as their z-values. These

cells will be assigned the center cell's z-value. The result is a

flattening of the 3 x 3 plane fitted to these edge cells, which

usually leads to a reduction in the slope.

The output slope raster can be calculated in two types of units,

degrees or percent (called 'percent rise').

The percent rise can be better understood if you consider it as the

rise divided by the run, multiplied by 100. Consider

triangle B below. When the

angle is 45 degrees, the rise is equal to the run, and the percent

rise is 100 percent. As the slope angle approaches vertical (90

degrees), as in triangle C, the percent

rise begins to approach infinity.

The Slope algorithm

The rate of change (delta) of the surface in the horizontal (dz/dx)

and vertical (dz/dy) directions from the center cell determines the

slope. The basic algorithm used to calculate the slope is:

slope_radians = ATAN ( √ ( [dz/dx]2 + [dz/dy]2 ) )

Slope is commonly measured in degrees, which uses the

algorithm:

slope_degrees = ATAN ( √ ( [dz/dx]2 + [dz/dy]2 ) ) * 57.29578

The slope algorithm can also be interpreted as:

slope_degrees = ATAN (rise_run) * 57.29578

where:

rise_run = √ ( [dz/dx]2 + [dz/dy]2 ]

The values of the center cell and its eight neighbors determine the

horizontal and vertical deltas. The neighbors are identified as

letters from 'a' to 'i', with 'e' representing

the cell for which the aspect is being calculated.

The rate of change in the x direction for cell 'e' is

calculated with the algorithm:

[dz/dx] = ((c + 2f + i) - (a + 2d + g) / (8 * x_cell_size)

The rate of change in the y direction for cell 'e' is

calculated with the following algorithm:

[dz/dy] = ((g + 2h + i) - (a + 2b + c)) / (8 * y_cell_size)

References

Burrough, P. A. and McDonell, R.A.,

1998. Principles of Geographical Information

Systems (Oxford University Press, New York),

p. 190.

A Slope calculation example

As an example, the slope value of the center cell of the moving

window will be calculated.

The cell size is 5 units. The default slope measure of degrees will

be used.

The rate of change in the x direction for the center cell

'e' is:

[dz/dx] = ((c + 2f + i) - (a + 2d + g)) / (8 * x_cell_size)

= ((50 + 60 + 10) - (50 + 60 + 8)) / (8 * 5)

= (120 - 118) / 40

= 0.05

The rate of change in the y direction for cell 'e' is:

[dz/dy] = ((g + 2h + i) - (a + 2b + c)) / (8 * y_cell_size)

= ((8 + 20 + 10) - (50 + 90 + 50)) / (8 * 5)

= (38 - 190 ) / 40

= -3.8

Taking the rate of change in the x and y direction, the slope for

the center cell 'e' is calculated using:

rise_run = √ ( [dz/dx]2 + [dz/dy]2 )

= √ ( (0.05)2 + (-3.8)2 ]

= √ [ 0.0025 + 14.44 ]

= 3.80032

slope_degrees = ATAN (rise_run) * 57.29578

= ATAN (3.80032) * 57.29578

= 1.31349 * 57.29578

= 75.25762

The integer slope value for cell 'e' is 75 degrees.