linux disk io sar,sar和pidstat使用

8种机械键盘轴体对比

本人程序员，要买一个写代码的键盘，请问红轴和茶轴怎么选？

sar和pidstat使用，监测系统和程序性能状态

sar

System Activity Reporter, 系统活动情况报告

sar(System Activity Reporter系统活动情况报告)是目前 Linux 上最为全面的系统性能分析工具之一，可以从多方面对系统的活动进行报告，包括：文件的读写情况、系统调用的使用情况、磁盘I/O、CPU效率、内存使用状况、进程活动及IPC有关的活动等。sar可用于监控Linux系统性能，帮助我们分析性能瓶颈。sar工具的使用方式为”sar [选项] intervar [count]”，其中interval为统计信息采样时间，count为采样次数。

下文将说明如何使用sar获取以下性能分析数据：整体CPU使用统计

-u：输出CPU使用情况的统计信息

各个CPU使用统计

“-P ALL”选项指示对每个CPU核输出统计信息：

内存使用情况统计

sar -r 1

整体I/O情况

Report I/O and transfer rate statistics

sar -b 1, 磁盘I/O的使用情况

各个I/O设备情况

Report activity for each block device.

sar -d -p 1 1, 块设备sectors扇区读写 (-p显示磁盘名称)

网络统计sar -n { DEV | EDEV | NFS | NFSD | SOCK | ALL }

DEV显示网络接口信息，EDEV显示关于网络错误的统计数据，NFS统计活动的NFS客户端的信息，NFSD统计NFS服务器的信息，SOCK显示套接字信息，ALL显示所有5个开关。它们可以单独或者一起使用。

sar -n DEV 1 1, 所有网卡怀疑CPU存在瓶颈，可用 sar -u 和 sar -q 等来查看

怀疑内存存在瓶颈，可用 sar -B、sar -r 和 sar -W 等来查看

怀疑I/O存在瓶颈，可用 sar -b、sar -u 和 sar -d 等来查看

pidstat

pidstat -u (默认,CPU使用)

Report CPU utilization.

(- %usr:Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the user level (application), with or without nice riority.%system: Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the system level (kernel).

%guest: Percentage of CPU spent by the task in virtual machine (running a virtual processor).

%CPU: Total percentage of CPU time used by the task.

)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -u -p 1619 1Linux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:38:26 PM UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command

10:38:27 PM 1000 1619 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.99 0 compiz

10:38:28 PM 1000 1619 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0 compiz

usr-ms:Total number of milliseconds spent by the task and all its children while executing at the user level (application),

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -u -p 1619 1 -T ALLLinux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:43:16 PM UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command

10:43:17 PM 1000 1619 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 0 compiz

10:43:16 PM UID PID usr-ms system-ms guest-ms Command

10:43:17 PM 1000 1619 10 10 0 compiz

pidstat -d (磁盘io)

pidstat -d -p 1619 1, Report I/O statistics

(- kB_rd:Number of kilobytes the task has caused to be read from disk per second.kB_ccwr: Number of kilobytes whose writing to disk has been cancelled by the task;

iodelay:Block I/O delay of the task being monitored)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -d -p 1619 1Linux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:19:12 PM UID PID kB_rd/s kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s iodelay Command

10:19:13 PM 1000 1619 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 compiz

10:19:14 PM 1000 1619 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 compiz

pidstat -r (内存使用)

Report page faults and memory utilization.

(- minflt:Total number of minor faults the task has made per second,VSZ:Virtual Size: The virtual memory usage of entire task in kilobytes

RSS:Resident Set Size: The non-swapped physical memory used by the task in kilobytes.)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -r -p 1619 1Linux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:25:22 PM UID PID minflt/s majflt/s VSZ RSS %MEM Command

10:25:23 PM 1000 1619 0.00 0.00 1442272 60928 6.10 compiz

10:25:24 PM 1000 1619 0.00 0.00 1442272 60928 6.10 compiz

pidstat -s (栈使用)

Report stack utilization.

(- StkSize:The amount of memory in kilobytes reserved for the task as stack, but not necessarily used.StkRef:The amount of memory in kilobytes used as stack, referenced by the task.)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -s -p 1619 1Linux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:28:14 PM UID PID StkSize StkRef Command

10:28:15 PM 1000 1619 220 28 compiz

10:28:16 PM 1000 1619 220 28 compiz

-T 是否能打印子线程信息？

-t 同时打印子线程信息

Also display statistics for threads associated with selected tasks.

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -s -p 1619 1 -tLinux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:34:37 PM UID TGID TID StkSize StkRef Command

10:34:38 PM 1000 1619 - 220 32 compiz

10:34:38 PM 1000 - 1619 220 32 |__compiz

10:34:38 PM 1000 - 1626 8192 0 |__gmain

10:34:38 PM 1000 - 1635 8192 8 |__gdbus

10:34:38 PM 1000 - 1640 8192 0 |__dconf worker

10:34:38 PM 1000 - 7507 8192 4 |__pool

-v (其他有用信息, 线程数/文件句柄数等)

Report values of some kernel tables.

(- threads: Number of threads associated with current task.fd-nr: Number of file descriptors associated with current task.)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -u -p 1619 1 -vLinux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:49:32 PM UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command

10:49:33 PM 1000 1619 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0 compiz

10:49:32 PM UID PID threads fd-nr Command

10:49:33 PM 1000 1619 5 29 compiz

-w (上下文切换)CPU上下文切换包括进程上下文切换(指针, 栈, 内存,进程状态, 优先级,调度信息,资源信息等,当发生进程切换时，这些保存在寄存器或高速缓存的信息需要记录到内存，以便下次恢复进程的运行。)、

线程上下文切换(同一个进程的线程切换，只需保存线程独有的信息，比如栈和寄存器，而共享的虚拟内存和全局变量则无需切换，因此切换开销比进程小。)

及中断上下文切换(中断会打断一个正常执行的进程而运行中断处理程序，因为中断处理程序是内核态进程，而不涉及到用户态进程之间的切换，当被中断的是用户态进程时，不需保存和恢复这个进程的虚拟内存和全局变量，中断上下文只包括中断服务程序所需要的状态，比如CPU寄存器、内核堆栈、硬件中断等参数。)

当任务进行io或发生时间片事件及发生中断(如硬件读取完成)时，就会进入内核态，发生CPU上下文切换。

过多的上下文切换会导致将大量CPU时间浪费在寄存器、内核栈以及虚拟内存的保存和恢复上，导致系统整体性能下降。

(vmstat和dstat都可查看系统的cs切换和in中断)

Report task switching activity (kernels 2.6.23 and later only).

(- cswch/s: Total number of voluntary context switches the task made per second. 每秒自愿上下文切换次数，如等待io等nvcswch/s: Total number of non voluntary context switches the task made per second. 每秒非自愿上下文切换次数，如时间片用完切换。)

root@ubuntu:~# pidstat -w -p 1619 1Linux 4.4.0-28-generic (ubuntu) 03/24/2019 _x86_64_(1 CPU)

10:55:50 PM UID PID cswch/s nvcswch/s Command

10:55:51 PM 1000 1619 6.93 24.75 compiz

10:55:52 PM 1000 1619 7.07 24.24 compiz

10:55:53 PM 1000 1619 6.00 20.00 compiz