hog特征提取python代码_HOG特征提取

我想提取阿拉伯笔迹线条图像的HOG特征。代码如下。所以，我需要关于如何输入图像和如何输出特征的帮助。有谁能帮我一下吗。在import numpy as np

from scipy import sqrt, pi, arctan2, cos, sin

from scipy.ndimage import uniform_filter

def hog(image, orientations=9, pixels_per_cell=(8, 8),

cells_per_block=(3, 3), visualise=False, normalise=False):

"""Extract Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) for a given image.

Compute a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) by

1. (optional) global image normalisation

2. computing the gradient image in x and y

3. computing gradient histograms

4. normalising across blocks

5. flattening into a feature vector

Parameters

----------

image : (M, N) ndarray

Input image (greyscale).

orientations : int

Number of orientation bins.

pixels_per_cell : 2 tuple (int, int)

Size (in pixels) of a cell.

cells_per_block : 2 tuple (int,int)

Number of cells in each block.

visualise : bool, optional

Also return an image of the HOG.

normalise : bool, optional

Apply power law compression to normalise the image before

processing.

Returns

-------

newarr : ndarray

HOG for the image as a 1D (flattened) array.

hog_image : ndarray (if visualise=True)

A visualisation of the HOG image.

References

----------

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_of_oriented_gradients

* Dalal, N and Triggs, B, Histograms of Oriented Gradients for

Human Detection, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer

Vision and Pattern Recognition 2005 San Diego, CA, USA

"""

image = np.atleast_2d(image)

"""

The first stage applies an optional global image normalisation

equalisation that is designed to reduce the influence of illumination

effects. In practice we use gamma (power law) compression, either

computing the square root or the log of each colour channel.

Image texture strength is typically proportional to the local surface

illumination so this compression helps to reduce the effects of local

shadowing and illumination variations.

"""

if image.ndim > 3:

raise ValueError("Currently only supports grey-level images")

if normalise:

image = sqrt(image)

"""

The second stage computes first order image gradients. These capture

contour, silhouette and some texture information, while providing

further resistance to illumination variations. The locally dominant

colour channel is used, which provides colour invariance to a large

extent. Variant methods may also include second order image derivatives,

which act as primitive bar detectors - a useful feature for capturing,

e.g. bar like structures in bicycles and limbs in humans.

"""

gx = np.zeros(image.shape)

gy = np.zeros(image.shape)

gx[:, :-1] = np.diff(image, n=1, axis=1)

gy[:-1, :] = np.diff(image, n=1, axis=0)

"""

The third stage aims to produce an encoding that is sensitive to

local image content while remaining resistant to small changes in

pose or appearance. The adopted method pools gradient orientation

information locally in the same way as the SIFT [Lowe 2004]

feature. The image window is divided into small spatial regions,

called "cells". For each cell we accumulate a local 1-D histogram

of gradient or edge orientations over all the pixels in the

cell. This combined cell-level 1-D histogram forms the basic

"orientation histogram" representation. Each orientation histogram

divides the gradient angle range into a fixed number of

predetermined bins. The gradient magnitudes of the pixels in the

cell are used to vote into the orientation histogram.

"""

magnitude = sqrt(gx ** 2 + gy ** 2)

orientation = arctan2(gy, (gx + 1e-15)) * (180 / pi) + 90

sy, sx = image.shape

cx, cy = pixels_per_cell

bx, by = cells_per_block

n_cellsx = int(np.floor(sx // cx)) # number of cells in x

n_cellsy = int(np.floor(sy // cy)) # number of cells in y

# compute orientations integral images

orientation_histogram = np.zeros((n_cellsy, n_cellsx, orientations))

for i in range(orientations):

#create new integral image for this orientation

# isolate orientations in this range

temp_ori = np.where(orientation < 180 / orientations * (i + 1),

orientation, 0)

temp_ori = np.where(orientation >= 180 / orientations * i,

temp_ori, 0)

# select magnitudes for those orientations

cond2 = temp_ori > 0

temp_mag = np.where(cond2, magnitude, 0)

orientation_histogram[:,:,i] = uniform_filter(temp_mag, size=(cy, cx))[cy/2::cy, cx/2::cx]

# now for each cell, compute the histogram

#orientation_histogram = np.zeros((n_cellsx, n_cellsy, orientations))

radius = min(cx, cy) // 2 - 1

hog_image = None

if visualise:

hog_image = np.zeros((sy, sx), dtype=float)

if visualise:

from skimage import draw

for x in range(n_cellsx):

for y in range(n_cellsy):

for o in range(orientations):

centre = tuple([y * cy + cy // 2, x * cx + cx // 2])

dx = radius * cos(float(o) / orientations * np.pi)

dy = radius * sin(float(o) / orientations * np.pi)

rr, cc = draw.bresenham(centre[0] - dx, centre[1] - dy,

centre[0] + dx, centre[1] + dy)

hog_image[rr, cc] += orientation_histogram[y, x, o]

"""

The fourth stage computes normalisation, which takes local groups of

cells and contrast normalises their overall responses before passing

to next stage. Normalisation introduces better invariance to illumination,

shadowing, and edge contrast. It is performed by accumulating a measure

of local histogram "energy" over local groups of cells that we call

"blocks". The result is used to normalise each cell in the block.

Typically each individual cell is shared between several blocks, but

its normalisations are block dependent and thus different. The cell

thus appears several times in the final output vector with different

normalisations. This may seem redundant but it improves the performance.

We refer to the normalised block descriptors as Histogram of Oriented

Gradient (HOG) descriptors.

"""

n_blocksx = (n_cellsx - bx) + 1

n_blocksy = (n_cellsy - by) + 1

normalised_blocks = np.zeros((n_blocksy, n_blocksx,

by, bx, orientations))

for x in range(n_blocksx):

for y in range(n_blocksy):

block = orientation_histogram[y:y + by, x:x + bx, :]

eps = 1e-5

normalised_blocks[y, x, :] = block / sqrt(block.sum() ** 2 + eps)

"""

The final step collects the HOG descriptors from all blocks of a dense

overlapping grid of blocks covering the detection window into a combined

feature vector for use in the window classifier.

"""

if visualise:

return normalised_blocks.ravel(), hog_image

else:

return normalised_blocks.ravel()