# Python 运算符重载
> 原文: [https://thepythonguru.com/python-operator-overloading/](https://thepythonguru.com/python-operator-overloading/)
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于 2020 年 1 月 7 日更新
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您已经看到可以使用`+`运算符添加数字,并同时连接字符串。 这是可能的,因为`int`类和`str`类都重载了`+`运算符。 运算符实际上是在各个类中定义的方法。 运算符的定义方法称为运算符重载。 例如:要对自定义对象使用`+`运算符,您需要定义一个名为`__add__`的方法。
让我们举个例子来更好地理解
```py
import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def setRadius(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def getRadius(self):
return self.__radius
def area(self):
return math.pi * self.__radius ** 2
def __add__(self, another_circle):
return Circle( self.__radius + another_circle.__radius )
c1 = Circle(4)
print(c1.getRadius())
c2 = Circle(5)
print(c2.getRadius())
c3 = c1 + c2 # This became possible because we have overloaded + operator by adding a method named __add__
print(c3.getRadius())
```
**预期输出**:
```py
4
5
9
```
```py
import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def setRadius(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def getRadius(self):
return self.__radius
def area(self):
return math.pi * self.__radius ** 2
def __add__(self, another_circle):
return Circle( self.__radius + another_circle.__radius )
c1 = Circle(4)
print(c1.getRadius())
c2 = Circle(5)
print(c2.getRadius())
c3 = c1 + c2 # This became possible because we have overloaded + operator by adding a method named __add__
print(c3.getRadius())
```
在上面的示例中,我们添加了`__add__()`方法,该方法允许使用`+`运算符添加两个圆形对象。 在`__add__()`方法内部,我们正在创建一个新对象并将其返回给调用者。
Python 还有许多其他特殊方法,例如`__add__()`,请参见下面的列表。
| 运算符 | 函数 | 方法说明 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `+` | `__add__(self, other)` | 加法 |
| `*` | `__mul__(self, other)` | 乘法 |
| `-` | `__sub__(self, other)` | 减法 |
| `%` | `__mod__(self, other)` | 余数 |
| `/` | `__truediv__(self, other)` | 除法 |
| `
| `<=` | `__le__(self, other)` | 小于或等于 |
| `==` | `__eq__(self, other)` | 等于 |
| `!=` | `__ne__(self, other)` | 不等于 |
| `>` | `__gt__(self, other)` | 大于 |
`>=`,`__ge__(self, other)`,大于或等于`[index]`,`__getitem__(self, index)`,索引运算符`in`,`__contains__(self, value)`,检查成员资格`len`,`__len__(self)`,元素数`str`,`__str__(self)`的字符串表示形式
下面的程序使用上面提到的一些函数来重载运算符。
```py
import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def setRadius(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def getRadius(self):
return self.__radius
def area(self):
return math.pi * self.__radius ** 2
def __add__(self, another_circle):
return Circle( self.__radius + another_circle.__radius )
def __gt__(self, another_circle):
return self.__radius > another_circle.__radius
def __lt__(self, another_circle):
return self.__radius < another_circle.__radius
def __str__(self):
return "Circle with radius " + str(self.__radius)
c1 = Circle(4)
print(c1.getRadius())
c2 = Circle(5)
print(c2.getRadius())
c3 = c1 + c2
print(c3.getRadius())
print( c3 > c2) # Became possible because we have added __gt__ method
print( c1 < c2) # Became possible because we have added __lt__ method
print(c3) # Became possible because we have added __str__ method
```
**预期输出**:
```py
4
5
9
True
True
Circle with radius 9
```
```py
import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def setRadius(self, radius):
self.__radius = radius
def getRadius(self):
return self.__radius
def area(self):
return math.pi * self.__radius ** 2
def __add__(self, another_circle):
return Circle( self.__radius + another_circle.__radius )
def __gt__(self, another_circle):
return self.__radius > another_circle.__radius
def __lt__(self, another_circle):
return self.__radius < another_circle.__radius
def __str__(self):
return "Circle with radius " + str(self.__radius)
c1 = Circle(4)
print(c1.getRadius())
c2 = Circle(5)
print(c2.getRadius())
c3 = c1 + c2
print(c3.getRadius())
print( c3 > c2) # Became possible because we have added __gt__ method
print( c1 < c2) # Became possible because we have added __lt__ method
print(c3) # Became possible because we have added __str__ method
```
下一课是[继承和多态](/python-inheritance-and-polymorphism/)。
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