APA格式介绍-全面版本
APA
(American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to
cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised
according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA
manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research
papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes,
and the reference page. For
more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, (6th ed., 2nd
printing).
General APA
Guidelines
Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on
standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides.
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends
using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
Include a page
header(also known as the "running
head") at the top of every page. To create a page
header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then
type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all
capital letters. The running head is a shortened
version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters
including spacing and punctuation.
Major Paper
Sections
Your essay should include
four major sections: the Title
Page, Abstract, Main
Body, and References.
Title Page
The title page should
contain the title of the paper, the
author's name, and the institutional
affiliation. Include the page header (described above)
flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page.
Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head
should look like this:
Running
head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page
should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF
YOUR PAPER
After consulting with
publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA
6th edition, first printing sample papers have
incorrect examples of running heads on pages after
the title page. This will take you to the APA site
where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA's
6th edition style guide.
Type your
title in upper and lowercase letters centered in
the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no
more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain
abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take
up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout
your paper, should be double-spaced.
Beneath the title, type the
author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and
last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).
Beneath the author's name,
type the institutional affiliation, which should
indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the
research.
Abstract
Begin a new page. Your
abstract page should already include the page
header (described above). On the first line of the
abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting,
italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
Beginning with the next
line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research.
(Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your
research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results,
data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible
implications of your research and future work you see connected
with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph,
double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250
words.
You may also want to list
keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as
you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type
Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your
keywords will help researchers find your work in
databases.
Please see our
resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also
visit our page for more examples of APA papers.
Note: APA style requires authors to use the past
tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to
describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found
or Jones (1998) has found...
APA citation
basics
When using APA format, follow the
author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the source
should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end
of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from
another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or
making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only
have to make reference to the author and year of publication and
not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are
cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of
the paper.
In-text citation capitalization,
quotes, and italics/underlining
Always capitalize proper nouns,
including author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a
source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four
letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence
and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs,
nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,
There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References
list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:
Writing new media.)
When capitalizing titles, capitalize
both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.
Capitalize the first word after a
dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's
Vertigo."
Italicize or underline the titles of
longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television
series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American
Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
Put quotation marks around the
titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from
edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles:
"Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One
Where Chandler Can't Cry."
Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a
work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and
the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name
followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students
often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style"
(p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a
signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number in parentheses after the
quotation.
She stated, "Students often had
difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.
Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40
words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,
and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you
would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new
margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph
within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain
double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come
after the closing punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the
following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to
the fact
that many students failed to purchase a
style
manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p.
199)
Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from
another work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines
encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not
required.)
According to Jones (1998), APA style
is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners
(Jones, 1998, p. 199).
Reference
List
Your reference list should
appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information
necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite
in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must
appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin
on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page
"References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold,
underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should
be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules
All lines after the first line
of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called hanging
indentation.
Authors' names are inverted
(last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors
of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the
work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and
then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the
ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
Reference list entries should
be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.
For multiple articles by the
same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries
in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
Present the journal title in
full.
Maintain the punctuation and
capitalization that is used by the journal in its
title.
For example: ReCALL not RECALL or
Knowledge Management Research
& Practice not Knowledge Management Research and
Practice.
Capitalize all major words in
journal titles.
When referring to books,
chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter
of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize
the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound
word.
Italicize titles of longer
works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or
put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.
Basic Format for
Books
Author, A.
A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Location:
Publisher.
Note:
For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using
the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York,
NY).
Calfee, R.
C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Article in Journal
Paginated by Volume
Journals that are paginated
by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering
issue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H.
F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55,
893-896.
Article From an Online
Periodical
Online articles follow the
same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the
online host makes available, including an issue number in
parentheses.
Author, A.
A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Online Periodical, volume
number(issue number
if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein,
M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.
A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites,
149. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Abstract
If you only cite an abstract
but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online
abstract as any other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after
the article or source name. However, if the full text is not
available, you may use an abstract that is available through an
abstracts database as a secondary source.
Paterson,
P. (2008). How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope
in custody?: Two prison case studies [Abstract].
British Journal of Learning Disabilities,
36(1),
54-58.
Electronic
Books
De Huff, E.
W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian
tales. Retrieved
from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Chapter/Section of a Web
Document or Online Book Chapter
Author, A.
A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
In Title of book or larger document
(chapter or section number).
Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL
Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server version 1.3
documentation (Apache modules). Retrieved from
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html