mysql select语法_【MySQL】查询语法简介

本篇文章主要简介下MySQL中where,group by ,order by ,limit,join,union ,union all,子表等查询语法。

测试数据准备

create table emp (

empno numeric(4) not null,

ename varchar(10),

job varchar(9),

mgr numeric(4),

hiredate datetime,

sal numeric(7, 2),

comm numeric(7, 2),

deptno numeric(2)

);

create table dept (

deptno numeric(2),

dname varchar(14),

loc varchar(13)

);

create table salgrade (

grade numeric,

losal numeric,

hisal numeric

);

insert into dept values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');

insert into dept values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');

insert into dept values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');

insert into dept values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');

insert into salgrade values (1, 700, 1200);

insert into salgrade values (2, 1201, 1400);

insert into salgrade values (3, 1401, 2000);

insert into salgrade values (4, 2001, 3000);

insert into salgrade values (5, 3001, 9999);

insert into emp values (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, null, 20);

insert into emp values (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30);

insert into emp values (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30);

insert into emp values (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, null, 20);

insert into emp values (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250, 1400, 30);

insert into emp values (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, null, 30);

insert into emp values (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, null, 10);

insert into emp values (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1982-12-09', 3000, null, 20);

insert into emp values (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', null, '1981-11-17', 5000, null, 10);

insert into emp values (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500, 0, 30);

insert into emp values (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1983-01-12', 1100, null, 20);

insert into emp values (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950, null, 30);

insert into emp values (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, null, 20);

insert into emp values (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, null, 10);

1.模糊查询

mysql> select * from emp where ename like '%S%';

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where ename like 'S%';

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where ename like '%S';

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where ename like '_O%';

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

+-------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

%表示任意0个或多个字符,可匹配任意类型和长度的字符;

_表示任意单个字符,匹配单个任意字符。

2.排序

mysql> select * from emp order by sal;

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |

| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |

| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |

| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |

| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp order by sal asc;

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |

| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |

| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |

| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |

| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp order by sal desc;

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |

| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |

| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |

| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |

| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

+-------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+

14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

order by排序默认按asc升序来排列

也可指定desc降序排列

3.限制多少行

mysql> select * from emp limit 3;

+-------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+

| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |

| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |

+-------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp order by sal desc limit 3;

+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |

+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |

| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |

+-------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

limit限定显示前多少行,可与order by联合使用

4.聚合函数

count() sum()函数用法:

#1.各个部门的薪水和

mysql> select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

+--------+----------+

| deptno | sum(sal) |

+--------+----------+

| 10 | 8750.00 |

| 20 | 10875.00 |

| 30 | 9400.00 |

+--------+----------+

3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#2.group by字段必须出现在select字段后面 各个部门的各个岗位的薪水和

mysql> select deptno,job, sum(sal) from emp group by deptno ,job;

+--------+-----------+----------+

| deptno | job | sum(sal) |

+--------+-----------+----------+

| 10 | CLERK | 1300.00 |

| 10 | MANAGER | 2450.00 |

| 10 | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |

| 20 | ANALYST | 6000.00 |

| 20 | CLERK | 1900.00 |

| 20 | MANAGER | 2975.00 |

| 30 | CLERK | 950.00 |

| 30 | MANAGER | 2850.00 |

| 30 | SALESMAN | 5600.00 |

+--------+-----------+----------+

9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#3.having 薪水和>5000的各个部门的各个岗位

mysql> select deptno,job, sum(sal)

-> from emp

-> group by deptno ,job

-> having sum(sal)>5000;

+--------+----------+----------+

| deptno | job | sum(sal) |

+--------+----------+----------+

| 20 | ANALYST | 6000.00 |

| 30 | SALESMAN | 5600.00 |

+--------+----------+----------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#4.常用组合where order limit

select deptno,job, sum(sal) as sum_sal

from emp

where job='SALESMAN'

group by deptno ,job

having sum(sal)>5000

order by sum(sal) desc

limit 1;

下面介绍下join及union的用法

数据准备:

create table testa(aid int,aname varchar(40));

create table testb(bid int,bname varchar(40),age int);

insert into testa values(1,'xiaoming');

insert into testa values(2,'LY');

insert into testa values(3,'KUN');

insert into testa values(4,'ZIDONG');

insert into testa values(5,'HB');

insert into testb values(1,'xiaoming',10);

insert into testb values(2,'LY',100);

insert into testb values(3,'KUN',200);

insert into testb values(4,'ZIDONG',110);

insert into testb values(6,'niu',120);

insert into testb values(7,'meng',130);

insert into testb values(8,'mi',170);

5.left join

mysql> select

-> a.aid,a.aname,

-> b.bid,b.bname,b.age

-> from testa as a

-> left join testb as b on a.aid=b.bid;

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| aid | aname | bid | bname | age |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| 1 | xiaoming | 1 | xiaoming | 10 |

| 2 | LY | 2 | LY | 100 |

| 3 | KUN | 3 | KUN | 200 |

| 4 | ZIDONG | 4 | ZIDONG | 110 |

| 5 | HB | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

a left join b a表全,用b表去匹配a表

LEFT JOIN 关键字会从左表 (a) 那里返回所有的行,即使在右表 (b) 中没有匹配的行,匹配不到的列用NULL代替

6.right join

mysql> select

-> a.aid,a.aname,

-> b.bid,b.bname,b.age

-> from testa as a

-> right join testb as b on a.aid=b.bid;

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| aid | aname | bid | bname | age |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| 1 | xiaoming | 1 | xiaoming | 10 |

| 2 | LY | 2 | LY | 100 |

| 3 | KUN | 3 | KUN | 200 |

| 4 | ZIDONG | 4 | ZIDONG | 110 |

| NULL | NULL | 6 | niu | 120 |

| NULL | NULL | 7 | meng | 130 |

| NULL | NULL | 8 | mi | 170 |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

a right join b b表全,用a表去匹配b表

RIGHT JOIN 关键字会右表 (b) 那里返回所有的行,即使在左表 (a) 中没有匹配的行,匹配不到的列用NULL代替

7.inner join

mysql> select

-> a.aid,a.aname,

-> b.bid,b.bname,b.age

-> from testa as a

-> inner join testb as b on a.aid=b.bid;

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| aid | aname | bid | bname | age |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| 1 | xiaoming | 1 | xiaoming | 10 |

| 2 | LY | 2 | LY | 100 |

| 3 | KUN | 3 | KUN | 200 |

| 4 | ZIDONG | 4 | ZIDONG | 110 |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select

-> a.aid,a.aname,

-> b.bid,b.bname,b.age

-> from testa as a

-> join testb as b on a.aid=b.bid;

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| aid | aname | bid | bname | age |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

| 1 | xiaoming | 1 | xiaoming | 10 |

| 2 | LY | 2 | LY | 100 |

| 3 | KUN | 3 | KUN | 200 |

| 4 | ZIDONG | 4 | ZIDONG | 110 |

+------+----------+------+----------+------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

inner join 与join 效果一样

在表中存在至少一个匹配时,INNER JOIN 关键字返回行

8.union与union all

mysql> select aid,aname from testa

-> union

-> select bid,bname from testb;

+------+----------+

| aid | aname |

+------+----------+

| 1 | xiaoming |

| 2 | LY |

| 3 | KUN |

| 4 | ZIDONG |

| 5 | HB |

| 6 | niu |

| 7 | meng |

| 8 | mi |

+------+----------+

8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select aid,aname from testa

-> union all

-> select bid,bname from testb;

+------+----------+

| aid | aname |

+------+----------+

| 1 | xiaoming |

| 2 | LY |

| 3 | KUN |

| 4 | ZIDONG |

| 5 | HB |

| 1 | xiaoming |

| 2 | LY |

| 3 | KUN |

| 4 | ZIDONG |

| 6 | niu |

| 7 | meng |

| 8 | mi |

+------+----------+

12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结:

union 会去重 union all不去重

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