python装饰器实现单例模式_python 实现单例模式的5种方法

一、classmethod装饰器

# 全局变量

ip = '192.168.13.98'

port = '3306'

class MySQL:

__instance = None

def __init__(self, ip, port):

self.ip = ip

self.port = port

@classmethod

def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):

if args or kwargs:

cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs)

return cls.__instance

obj1 = MySQL.instance(ip, port)

obj2 = MySQL.instance()

obj3 = MySQL.instance()

print(obj1)

print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)

print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

输出结果

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}

二、类的装饰器

def singlegon(cls):

_instance = cls(ip, port)

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):

if args or kwargs:

return cls(*args, **kwargs)

return _instance

return wrapper

@singlegon

class MySQL1:

def __init__(self, ip, port):

self.ip = ip

self.port = port

obj1 = MySQL1()

obj2 = MySQL1()

obj3 = MySQL1('1.1.1.3', 8080)

print(obj1)

print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)

print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

运行结果

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}

{'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 8080}

三、元类

class Mymetaclass(type):

def __init__(self, class_name, class_bases, class_dic):

super().__init__(class_name, class_bases, class_dic)

self.__instance = self(ip, port)

def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

if args or kwargs:

obj = self.__new__(self)

self.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs)

self.__instance = obj

return self.__instance

class MySQL2(metaclass=Mymetaclass):

def __init__(self, ip, port):

self.ip = ip

self.port = port

obj1 = MySQL2()

obj2 = MySQL2()

obj3 = MySQL2('1.1.1.3', 80)

print(obj1)

print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)

print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

运行结果

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306'}

{'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 80}

四、模块导入

# instance.py

class MySQL:

def __init__(self, ip, port):

self.ip = ip

self.port = port

ip = '192.168.13.98'

port = 3306

instance = MySQL(ip, port)

# 测试代码

import os, sys

sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))

from test import instance

obj1 = instance.instance

obj2 = instance.instance

obj3 = instance.MySQL('1.1.1.3', 80)

print(obj1)

print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)

print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

运行结果

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': 3306}

{'ip': '1.1.1.3', 'port': 80}

五、重写__new__()

class MySQL3(object):

__instance = None

__first_init = True

def __init__(self, ip, port):

if self.__first_init:

self.ip = ip

self.port = port

self.__first_init = False

def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

if not cls.__instance:

cls.__instance = object.__new__(cls)

return cls.__instance

obj1 = MySQL3(ip, port)

obj2 = MySQL3(ip, port)

obj3 = MySQL3('1.1.1.3', 80)

print(obj1)

print(obj2, obj2.__dict__)

print(obj3, obj3.__dict__)

运行结果

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306', '_MySQL3__first_init': False}

{'ip': '192.168.13.98', 'port': '3306', '_MySQL3__first_init': False}

注：前四种可以实现单例模式，但都不是绝对单例模式，可以创建新的对象，但是第五种方式是绝对单例模式，全局只能真正创建一次对象

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