python 10个好用的装饰器（非常详细）零基础入门到精通，收藏这一篇就够了

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Python_0011/article/details/138941855

Python装饰器是一种特殊类型的函数，它可以修改或增强其他函数的功能，而无需更改原始函数的源代码。装饰器本质上是一个接收函数作为参数的函数，它返回一个新的函数或者修改过的原函数，通常用于插入日志、性能测试、权限校验、缓存、事务处理等场景。

1. 计时装饰器 (@timer)

用于测量函数执行时间。

import time``def timer(func):`    `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`        `start_time = time.time()`        `result = func(*args, **kwargs)`        `end_time = time.time()`        `print(f"{func.__name__} executed in {end_time - start_time} seconds")`        `return result`    `return wrapper``@timer``def example_function():`    `time.sleep(1)``example_function()``输出：``example_function executed in 1.0021049690246582 seconds

2. 日志装饰器 (@log_execution)

记录函数调用的日志。

import logging``logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)``def log_execution(func):`    `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`        `logging.info(f"Calling {func.__name__} with args: {args}, kwargs: {kwargs}")`        `result = func(*args, **kwargs)`        `logging.info(f"{func.__name__} returned: {result}")`        `return result`    `return wrapper``@log_execution``def add(a, b):`    `return a + b``add(3, 5)``输出：``INFO:root:Calling add with args: (3, 5), kwargs: {}``INFO:root:add returned: 8

3. 缓存装饰器 (@lru_cache)

利用functools.lru_cache实现结果缓存，避免重复计算。

from functools import lru_cache``@lru_cache(maxsize=None)``def fibonacci(n):`    `if n < 2:`        `return n`    `else:`        `return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)``print(fibonacci(10))``输出：``55

4. 类型检查装饰器 (@type_check)

确保函数参数类型正确。

def type_check(*arg_types):`    `def decorator(func):`        `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`            `for arg, expected_type in zip(args, arg_types):`                `if not isinstance(arg, expected_type):`                    `raise TypeError(f"Argument {arg} is not of type {expected_type}")`            `return func(*args, **kwargs)`        `return wrapper`    `return decorator``@type_check(int, int)``def multiply(x, y):`    `return x * y``print(multiply(2, 3))``输出：``6

5. 单例装饰器 (@singleton)

确保类的实例唯一。

class SingletonMeta(type):`    `_instances = {}`    `def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):`        `if cls not in cls._instances:`            `cls._instances[cls] = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)`        `return cls._instances[cls]``class Singleton(metaclass=SingletonMeta):`    `pass``s1 = Singleton()``s2 = Singleton()``print(s1 is s2)``输出：``True

6. 重试装饰器 (@retry_on_exception)

在异常发生时自动重试。

import random``def retry_on_exception(max_retries=3, exceptions=(Exception,), delay=1):`    `def decorator(func):`        `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`            `retries = 0`            `while retries < max_retries:`                `try:`                    `return func(*args, **kwargs)`                `except exceptions as e:`                    `print(f"Caught {e}. Retrying...")`                    `retries += 1`                    `time.sleep(delay)`            `raise Exception("Max retries exceeded.")`        `return wrapper`    `return decorator``@retry_on_exception(max_retries=3)``def might_fail():`    `if random.randint(0, 2) == 0:`        `raise ValueError("Failed.")`    `print("Success!")``might_fail()``输出可能为：``Caught ValueError('Failed.'). Retrying...``Caught ValueError('Failed.'). Retrying...``Caught ValueError('Failed.'). Retrying...``Max retries exceeded.``或``Success!

7. 性能度量装饰器 (@profile)

使用cProfile进行性能分析。

import cProfile``def profile(func):`    `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`        `profiler = cProfile.Profile()`        `profiler.enable()`        `result = func(*args, **kwargs)`        `profiler.disable()`        `profiler.print_stats()`        `return result`    `return wrapper``@profile``def dummy_function(n):`    `sum([i**2 for i in range(n)])``dummy_function(100000)``输出为函数执行的性能统计信息。

8. 身份验证装饰器 (@authenticate)

确保用户已登录。

def authenticate(user_required=True):`    `def decorator(func):`        `def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`            `if not user_required or user_is_logged_in():  # 假设 user_is_logged_in 是验证函数`                `return func(*args, **kwargs)`            `else:`                `raise PermissionError("User not authenticated.")`        `return wrapper`    `return decorator``@authenticate``def sensitive_operation():`    `print("Sensitive operation performed.")``# 假设已经登录``sensitive_operation()``输出：``Sensitive operation performed.

9. 异步装饰器 (@asyncio.coroutine 或 async def)

用于异步操作。

import asyncio``async def async_decorator(func):`    `async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):`        `print("Starting async task...")`        `result = await func(*args, **kwargs)`        `print("Async task finished.")`        `return result`    `return wrapper``@async_decorator``async def long_running_task():`    `await asyncio.sleep(2)`    `return "Task done."``asyncio.run(long_running_task())``输出：``Starting async task...``Async task finished.

10. 验证输入装饰器 (@validate_input)

确保输入满足特定条件。

def validate_input(minimum=0, maximum=100):`    `def decorator(func):`        `def wrapper(value):`            `if not (minimum <= value <= maximum):`                `raise ValueError(f"Value must be between {minimum} and {maximum}")`            `return func(value)`        `return wrapper`    `return decorator``@validate_input(1, 10)``def process_value(value):`    `print(f"Processing value: {value}")``process_value(5)``输出：``Processing value: 5

`黑客&网络安全如何学习

今天只要你给我的文章点赞，我私藏的网安学习资料一样免费共享给你们，来看看有哪些东西。