python123程序的控制结构_第四章-程序的控制结构

4.1 程序的分支结构

单分支结构

if :

​

guess = eval(input())

if guess == 99:

print("bingo!")

二分支结构

if :

else :

​

guess = eval(input())

if guess == 99:

print("bingo!")

else :

print("Wrong!")

多分支结构

if :

elif :

……

else :

条件判断及组合

条件判断

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条件组合

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实例：

guess = eval(input())

if guess > 99 or guess < 99:

print("猜错了")

else :

print("猜对了")

程序的异常处理

num = eval(input("请输入一个整数: "))

print(num**2)

当用户没有输入整数时，会产生异常，怎么处理？

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实例：

try :

num = eval(input("请输入一个整数: "))

print(num**2)

except :

print("输入不是整数")

实例2：

try :

num = eval(input("请输入一个整数: "))

print(num**2)

except NameError: #标注异常类型后，仅响应此类异常,异常类型名字等同于变量名

print("输入不是整数")

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4.2 实例5: 身体质量指数BMI

BMI = 体重 (kg) / 身高2 (m2)

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# cal BMI v1

height,weight = eval(input("请输入身高(m)和体重(kg)，逗号隔开："))

bmi = weight / pow(height,2)

print("BMI指数为：{:.2f}".format(bmi))

who = ""

if bmi < 18.5:

who = "偏瘦"

elif 18.5 <= bmi < 25:

who = "正常"

elif 25 <= bmi < 30:

who = "偏胖"

else:

who = "肥胖"

print("BMI 指标为:国际'{0}'".format(who))

4.3 程序的循环结构

遍历循环

for in :

计数循环(N次)

for i in range(N):

计数循环(特定次)

for i in range(M,N,K):

字符串遍历循环

for c in s :

for c in "python123":

print(c,end="\n")

列表遍历循环

for item in ls:

for item in [123,"py",456]:

print(item,end="\n")

文件遍历循环

for line in fi:

无限循环

while :

a = 3

while a > 0 :

a = a - 1

print(a)

循环控制保留字

break：跳出并结束当前整个循环，执行循环后的语句

continue：结束当次循环，继续执行后续次数循环

for c in "PYTHON" :

if c == "T" :

continue

print(c, end="")

​

for c in "PYTHON" :

if c == "T" :

break

print(c, end="")

循环的高级用法

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番外：

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4.4 模块3: random库的使用

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基本随机数函数： seed(), random()

扩展随机数函数： randint(), getrandbits(), uniform(), randrange(), choice(), shuffle()

基本随机函数

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扩展随机函数

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4.5 实例6: 圆周率的计算

圆周率的近似计算公式

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# 计算圆周率

pi = 0

N = 100000

for k in range(N):

pi += 1/pow(16,k)*(4/(8*k+1)-2/(8*k+4)-1/(8*k+5)-1/(8*k+6))

print(k)

print("圆周率是：{}".format(pi))

蒙特卡罗方法

# cal pi v2

from random import random

from time import perf_counter

DARTS = 1000*1000

hits = 0.0

start = perf_counter()

for i in range(1,DARTS+1):

x,y = random(),random()

dist = pow(x ** 2 + y ** 2,0.5)

if dist <= 1.0:

hits = hits +1

pi = 4*(hits/DARTS)

print("圆周率值是：{}".format(pi))

print("运行时间是：{:.5f}s".format(perf_counter()-start))

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