atomic 内存序_C语言原子操作的应用(内存次序,内存屏障)

内存次序

为优化程序代码,编译器和处理器可以自由地对任何无相互依赖关系的命令进行重新排列。例如,两个分配语句 a=0;B=1;,它们可以以任一顺序执行。然而,在多线程环境下,由于不同线程内存操作之间的依赖性对于编译器或处理器通常是不可见的,所以对编译器或处理器执行命令重新排序可能会引发错误。

使用原子对象可以默认地防止此类重新排序。但是,防止优化意味着可能会牺牲速度。有经验的程序员可以在较低的内存次序请求下,通过明确地使用原子操作提高性能。

对于每个执行原子操作的函数(例如 atomic_store()),都有另一个版本,这些函数的名称以 _explicit 结尾,如 atomic_store_explicit(),它们增加了一个类型为 memory_order 的参数。

memory_order 类型是一个枚举,它定义了以下常量,以指定特定的内存次序请求:

memory_order_relaxed

调用者指定无任何内存次序请求,从而使编译器可以自由地改变操作的顺序。

memory_order_release

指定在当前线程 T1 中对一个原子对象A进行写访问时执行释放操作(release operation)。释放操作的作用是:当另一个线程 T2 对 A 执行捕获操作时(读访问),所有 T1 曾对 A 执行的操作在 T2 捕获 A 以后,对 T2 都是可见的。

memory_order_acquire

指定对一个原子对象进行读访问时执行捕获操作(acquire operation)。它确保在该函数调用前,后续的内存访问操作不发生重新排列。

memory_order_consume

一个消耗操作(consume operation)的限制小于一个捕获操作:它仅当后续内存访问操作直接依赖读取原子变量时,防止重新排序。

memory_order_acq_rel

同时具有捕获和释放操作。

memory_order_seq_cst

顺序一致性(sequential consistency)请求包括对 memory_order_acq_rel 的捕获和释放操作。此外,它还指定了所有操作按一个次序严格执行,该次序为所包含原子对象的修改次序。顺序一致性是默认的内存顺序请求,如果没有显式指定更低的请求,这种请求会应用到所有原子操作。

如果将 counter 声明为原子对象,自增和自减 counter 都是独立于其他操作的,因此不必指定内存访问次序。换句话说,在下述语句位置:

++counter; // 隐含memory_order_seq_cst

下面语句充分且允许编译器执行更多的优化:

atomic_fetch_add_explicit( &counter, 1, memory_order_relaxed );

释放和捕获操作是在命令间建立 happens-before 关系的有效途径。换句话说,如下例所示,_explicit 函数确保一个线程完成操作 A 后才能执行操作 B:

struct Data *dp = NULL, data;

atomic_intptr_t aptr = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(0);

// 线程1

data = ...; // 操作A

atomic_store_explicit( &aptr, (intptr_t)&data,

memory_order_release );

// 线程2

dp = (struct Data*)atomic_load_explicit( &aptr,

memory_order_acquire );

if( dp != NULL)

// 处理*dp所引用的数据

// 操作B

else

// *dp所引用的数据还不可获得

对于一个使用互斥同步的程序,当互斥锁定时,隐含了一个捕获操作,当互斥解锁时,隐含了一个释放操作。这意味着:如果一个线程 T1 使用互斥来保护一个操作 A,而另一个线程 T2 使用相同的互斥来保护一个操作 B,假如 T1 先锁定互斥,那么操作 A 将先完成执行,然后才执行操作 B。相反,假如 T2 先锁定互斥,那么当 T1 执行操作 A 时,通过操作 B 所执行的所有修改,对于线程 T1 是可见的。

栅栏(内存屏障)

对于一个原子操作的内存次序请求,也可以通过一个原子操作单独指定。这种技术被称为建立一个栅栏(fence)或内存屏障(memory barrier)。要设置一个栅栏,C11 提供了以下函数:

void atomic_thread_fence(memory_order order);

若参数值为 memory_order_release,函数 atomic_thread_fence()建立一个释放栅栏(releas fence)。在这种情况下,原子写操作必须在释放栅栏之后发生。

若参数值为 memory_order_acquire 或 memory_order_consume,函数 atomic_thread_fence()建立一个捕获栅栏(acquire fence)。在这种情况下,原子读操作必须在捕获栅栏之前发生。

栅栏允许更大程度的内存顺序优化。

// 线程2

dp = (struct Data*)atomic_load_explicit( &aptr, memory_order_relaxed );

if( dp != NULL)

{

atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_acquire);

// 操作B:处理*dp所引用的数据

}

else

// *dp所引用的数据还不可获得

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EhLib 9.3 Build 9.3.026 source included version. ------------------------------------------------- The Library contains components and classes for Borland Delphi versions 7, 9, Developer Studio 2006, Delphi 2007, Embarcadero RAD Studio 2009-XE10.3, Lazarus. TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------- Overview Installation Library Installation Help Demonstration Programs Registering and Prices Other information About author Where to start. ------------------- Start overview of the library with the main Demo project .\Demos\Bin\MainDemo.Exe. (Compiled Demo files are available in the Evaluation version of the library) If you've used previous versions of the library, then you can read a summary of the new features and changes in the file history-eng.html. More detail about new features in this version of the library can be found in the file - About EhLib 9.2 Eng.doc To install a new version of the library in the IDE, use the installation program .\Installer\EhLibInstaller.exe If, at the installation have any problems, write a letter to ehlib support address [email protected] You can also install the files in the library IDE manually, as described in Section 2. Installation Library After installation, make sure the operability of all installed components. To do this, open the IDE, compile and launch a major demonstration project .\Demos\MainDemo\Project1_XE2.dpr Read next file for full instructions of working with the library components: .\Hlp\ENG\"EhLib - Users guide.doc" Read about EhLib for Lazarus in the file - Lazarus<*>\readme.txt Overview -------- The Library contains several components and objects. TDBGridEh component TDBGridEh provides all functionality of TDBGrid and adds several new features as follows: Allows to select records, columns and rectangle areas. Special titles that can correspond to several/all columns. Footer that is able to show sum/count/other field values. Automatic column resizing to set grid width equal client width. Ability to change row and title height. Allows automatic broken of a single line long title and data row to a multiline. Title can act as button and, optionally show a sort marker. Automatically sortmarking. Ability to truncate long text with ellipsis. Lookup list can show several fields. Incremental search in lookup fields. Frozen columns. DateTime picker support for TDateField and TDateTimeField. Allows to show bitmaps from TImageList depending on field value. Allows to hide and track horizontal or vertical scrollbars. Allows to hide columns. Allows to show 3D frame for frozen, footer and data rows. Allows to draw memo fields. Multiline inplace editor. Proportional scrolling independently of sequenced of dataset. Automatically show checkboxes for Boolean fields. Allows to show checkboxes for other type of fields. Has a procedures to save and restore layout (visible columns, columns order, columns width, sortmarkers, row height) in/from registry or ini file. Allows to show hint (ToolTips) for text that don't fit in the cell. Allows to export data to Text, Csv, HTML, RTF, XLS and internal formats. Allows to import data from Text and internal formats. Can sort data in various dataset's. Can filter data in various dataset's. When DBGridEh is connected to DataSet of TMemTable type it allows: To view all data without moving active record. To display a tree-type structure of TMemTable records. To form list of values in dropdown list of SubTitle filter automatically. To create grouping records basing on the selected coulmns. TDBVertGridEh component Component to show one record from dataset in Vertical Orientation. Have a special column to show Field Captions Can customize inplace editor and data of the cell like in DBGridEh. TDBLookupComboboxEh component Provides all functionality of TDBLookupCombobox and adds several new features as follows: Can have flat style. Allows assign values as to KeyValue property just and to display Text property. Allows to type (assign) values to Text property not contained in data list (Style = csDropDownEh). Allows to hold KeyValue and Text as not affecting to each other values. Take effect when KeyField, ListField, ListSource, DataField and DataSource properties is empty. Drop down list can: Show titles, Have sizing grip, Automaticaly set width as sum of DisplayWidth of the list fields (Width = -1), Automaticaly drops on user pressed the key. Edit button can: Show DropDown, Ellipsis or Bitmap image. Have specified width. Have additional events: OnKeyValueChanged, OnButtonClick. TDBSumList component This component is intended for totaling sums and amounts of records in a TDataSet with dynamic changes. Component keeps a list of TDBSum objects, which contains types of group operations (goSum or goCount) and name sum field (goCount name of field is unnecessary). TPrintDBGridEh component TPrintDBGridEh provides properties and routines for preview and print of TDBGridEh component with several features: Ability to expand rows vertically until all text is printed. Ability to scale grid to fit it to page width. Ability to print/preview title for grid. Ability to print/preview page header and page footer where you can specify macros for current page, current date, current time and/or static text. Automatically print/preview multiselected area of TDBGridEh if it area is not empty. Ability to print/preview rich text before and after grid. TPreviewBox component TPreviewBox lets you create a customizable runtime preview. TPrinterPreview object TPrinterPreview lets you to record printable data in buffer for following output them on screen and to printer. TPrinterPreview have all functions and properties as in TPrinter object. You can use TPrinterPreview object similarly of TPrinter except some details. In TPrinter Printer.Canvas.Handle and Printer.Handle is the same but in TPrinterPreview PrinterPreview.Canvas.Handle represent the metafile in that is recored the data and PrinterPreview.Handle represent Printer.Handle. That is mean that you have to use PrinterPreview.Canvas.Handle for draw operation (DrawText, DrawTexteEx, e.t.c.) and use PrinterPreview.Handle in functions that return information about printer facilities (GetDeviceCaps, e.t.c.). Global function PrinterPreview returns default PrinterPreview object and shows data in default preview form. TDBEditEh component represents a single or multi-line edit control that can display and edit a field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TDBDateTimeEditEh component represents a single-line date or time edit control that can display and edit a datetime field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TDBComboBoxEh component represents a single or multi-line edit control that combines an edit box with a scrollable list and can display and edit a field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware combo edit control. TDBNumberEditEh component represents a single-line number edit control that can display and edit a numeric field in a dataset or can works as non data-aware edit control. TPropStorageEh, TIniPropStorageManEh, TRegPropStorageManEh components Components realize technology to store component properties to/from settings storage such as ini files, registry etc. TMemTableEh component dataset, which hold data in memory. Its possible consider as an array of records. Besides, it: Supports a special interface, which allows DBGridEh component to view all data without moving active record. Allows fetch data from TDataDriverEh object (DataDriver property). Allows unload change back in DataDriver, operative or postponed (in dependencies of the CachedUpdates property). Allows to create a master/detail relations on the client (filtering record) or on the external source (updating parameters [Params] and requiring data from DataDriver). Allows once-only (without the dynamic support) sort data, including Calculated and Lookup field. Allows create and fill data in design-time and save data in dfm file of the Form. Allows keep record in the manner of trees. Each record can have record elements-branches and itself be an element to other parental record. Component TDBGridEh supports to show the tree-type structure of these records. Allows to connect to the internal array of other TMemTableEh (via ExternalMemData property) and work with its data: sort, filter, edit. Has interface for requesting list of all unique values in one column of records array, ignoring local filter of the DataSet. TDBGridEh uses this property for automatic filling a list in DropDownBox of the subtitle filter cell. TDataDriverEh component carry out two tasks: Delivers data to TMemTableEh. Processes changed records of TMemTableEh (writes them in other dataset, or call events for processing the changes in program). TSQLDataDriverEh DataDriver that have four objects of the TSQLCommandEh type: SelectCommand, DeleteCommand, InsertCommand, UpdateCommand, GetrecCommand. TSQLDataDriverEh can not transfer queries to the server but it call global (for application) event which it is necessary to write to execute SQL expressions on the server. TBDEDataDriverEh, TIBXDataDriverEh, TDBXDataDriverEh and TADODataDriverEh Components. These are SQLDataDrivers that can deliver queries to the server using corresponding drivers of the access to datas. -------------------- 2. Installation Library -------------------- -------------------- 2.1 Installing library automatically -------------------- Run EhLibInstaller.exe program from "Installer" folder to install EhLib in Delphi/C++ Builder IDE. The program creates folders to keep EhLib binary and other requared files, copies requared files to created folders, compiles packages, register packages in IDE and write requared paths in registry. If you have executable installation program (for example, EhLibSetupD7Eval.exe) then you only need to run program and follow installation process. Setup automatically writes all units in necessary directory, installs packages and help files in IDE. -------------------- 2.2 Installing library manually ------------------- Follow next instructions to install files from EhLib archive: -- 2.2.1. For RAD Studio XE2 (Delphi) or higher: --------------------------------------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including EhLib.bpl, EhLib.dcp or EhLibXX.bpl, EhLibXX.dcp, EhLibDataDriversXX, DclEhLibDataDriversXX files). These files can be located in the following folders on your computer C:\Users\All Users\Documents\RAD Studio\1X.0 C:\Users\All Users\Documents\Embarcadero\Studio\XX.0\Bpl C:\Users\All Users\Documents\Embarcadero\Studio\XX.0\Dcp Create new folder where source code and binary files will be kept (For example, C:\RAD_Studio_XE2\Components\EhLib). Hereinafter this folder will be call as "EhLib folder". Create new subfolder "Lib" in the "EhLib folder". Copy files from folders "Common", "RADStudioXE2" and "LangResources\Res" of EhLib archive into the folder "[EhLib folder]\Lib" as that all files were in one folder - "Lib". Default language resource of the library is English. If you want to change it to the other language do the next steps: - Select one of language file EhLibLangConsts.XXX.dfm - Copy this file to EhLibLangConsts.dfm file (with replacment of existing file) - In the first line of a new EhLibLangConsts.dfm file delete _XXX suffix in the name of object like this: object TEhLibLanguageConsts_ENU -> object TEhLibLanguageConsts Run RAD Studio IDE and Open EhLibProjGroup160.groupproj file from [EhLib folder]\Lib. Compile all packages of Prject Group. Install DclEhLibXX.Dpk and DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk packages in IDE (Use Project/Install menu). Consistently compile packages EhLibXX.Dpk and EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk in next modes: Win32\Debug Win64\Release Win64\Debug After compilation there should be created subfolders a Win32\Release, Win32\Debug, Win64\Release, Win64\Debug in the "[EhLib folder]\Lib" folder. Copy the *. dfm and *. res files from the "[Folder EhLib]\Lib" folder into the each of the next folders: Win32\Release, Win32\Debug, Win64\Release, Win64\Debug In the RAD Studio IDE add next paths: "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win32\Release" path in the "Library path" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win32\Debug" path in the "Debug dcu" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\" path in the "Browsing path" for the Win32 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win64\Release" path in the "Library path" for the Win64 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\Win64\Debug" path in the "Debug dcu" for the Win64 platform. "[EhLib folder]\Lib\" path in the "Browsing path" for the Win64 platform. -- Copy DEMOS folder from the Archive EhLib to the "[EhLib Folder]". Open and compile any demo project for test. 2.2.2. Delphi 5.x - 7.x, Delphi 9.X Win32, BDS2006 Win32, Delphi2007, CodeGear RAD Studio 2009: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including EhLib.bpl, EhLib.dcp or EhLibXX.bpl, EhLibXX.dcp, EhLibDataDriversXX, DclEhLibDataDriversXX files). Create directory from which you will install EhLib library ('EhLib directory') (for example, C:\Delphi[X]\EhLib). Copy files from "Common", "Delphi[X]" | "BDS2006" and "LangResources\Res.Ansi" folders of the EhLib archive to 'EhLib directory'. Default language resource of the library is English. If you want to change it to the other language do the next steps: - Select one of language file EhLibLangConsts.XXX.dfm - Copy this file to EhLibLangConsts.dfm file (with replacment of existing file) - In the first line of a new EhLibLangConsts.dfm file delete _XXX suffix in the name of object like this: object TEhLibLanguageConsts_ENU -> object TEhLibLanguageConsts By default Delphi (5, 6 and 7) places compiled files to the <Delphi path>\Projects\Bpl directory and this directory already present in the search PATH. But if you overwrite default BPL directory then you need put compiled EhLibXX.BPL file into directory that is accessible through the search PATH (i.e. DOS "PATH" environment variable; for example, in the Windows\System directory). Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Tools->Environment Options->Library-> Library Path (For Delphi 9 in Tools->Options->Environment Options-> Delphi Options->Library - Win32->Library Path). Use "File\Open..." menu item of Delphi IDE to open the runtime package - EhLibXX.Dpk. In "Package..." window click "Compile" button to compile the package. After that open and compile EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk. After compiling run-time packages install design-time packages DclEhLibXX.BPL and DclEhLibDataDriversXX.BPL into the IDE. For that use "File\Open..." menu item to open design-time package DclEhLibXX.Dpk. In "Package..." window click "Compile" button to compile the package and then click "Install" button to register EhLib components on the component palette. Open and install DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk package. EhLib components have to appear on 'EhLib' page of components palette. 2.2.4. Delphi 9.X Vcl.Net, , BDS2006 Vcl.Net: ---------------------------------------- Uninstall previous or evaluation version of EhLib (Old version) from Delphi IDE. Remove or copy to other directory files of old version to prevent crossing old and new version of EhLib (Including Vcl.EhLib90.dll, Vcl.DclEhLib90.dll, Vcl.EhLibDataDrivers90.dll, Vcl.DclEhLibDataDrivers90.dll files). Create directory from which you will install EhLib library ('EhLib directory') (for example, C:\BDS\3.0\EhLibVclNet). Copy files from Common and Delphi9 directories of the EhLib archive to 'EhLib directory'. In Delphi IDE: Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Component->Installed .NET Components ...-> Assembly Search Paths. Add, (if needed) 'EhLib directory' in Tools->Options->Environment Options-> Delphi Options->Library - NET->Library Path. Use "File\Open..." menu item of Delphi IDE to open the runtime package - Vcl.EhLibXX.Dpk. In "Project Manager..." window, click right button above 'Vcl.EhLibXX.Dll' and select "Build" menu to compile package. After that, open and compile Vcl.EhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk, Vcl.DclEhLibXX.Dpk and Vcl.DclEhLibDataDriversXX.Dpk. Open menu "Component->Installed .NET Components ..."->.NET VCL Components. Press 'Add...' button. Locate 'Vcl.DclEhLibXX.dll' and press 'Open'. (By default, this file have to be located in 'EhLib directory' directory) Press 'Ok' in 'Installed .NET Components' Dialog. 4. Documentation and Help ------------------------- 4.1. This version of library doesn't have embedded help files for Delphi8 or Higher. But the online help is available on the ehlib home page - http://www.ehlib.com/online-help 4.2. Delphi 7.x: Copy the EhLib.hlp and EhLib.cnt files to the Delphi HELP subdirectory. Select Help|Customize to start the OpenHelp application. Add the EhLib.cnt file to the Contents page, add the EhLib.hlp file to the Index and Link pages. 5. Demonstration Programs and Projects -------------------------------------- Demonstration programs use tables from the DEMOS directory and ADO Data Access. Read description of Demo projects in the file Demos\Info Eng.doc 6. Registering and Prices ------------------------- The EhLib is a Commercial product. If you find it useful and want to receive the latest versions please register your evaluation copy. You can read detailed information about prices on ehlib home prices page http://www.ehlib.com/buy You can read detailed information about registration at https://secure.shareit.com/shareit/product.html?productid=102489 After registration you will receive (e-mail only) address of registered version for downloading and password for unpacking. By registering the components you get the following advantages: 1. You will get new versions of the library free within a year from the date of registration. 2. You will get technical support for the library all the time. 3. You encourage EhLib Team to make the library even better. 7. Other information ----------------- The ability to compile applications for OS X and Linux in combination with the CrossVCL library is only available in the EhLib version with source codes. The ability to compile applications under Linux is available only in the EhLib version with source codes. 8. About Company ---------------- Contact as if you have any questions, comments or suggestions: EhLib Team www: http://www.ehlib.com E-mail: [email protected] Skype support: ehlib.support

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