转:https://blog.csdn.net/u011467044/article/details/52205961
python语言与C++有相似的类继承,在类定义时,python中会自定义第一个self,类似C++中this指针,指向对象自身。
python简单的类举例:
>>> class hello(object):
... def print_c():
... print"hello world!"
>>> hello().print_c()
hello world!
当然在实际中不可避免的需要类的继承,子类继承父类,正常如下:
>>> class child(hello):
... def print_c(self):
... hello().print_c()
...
>>> child().print_c()
hello world!
在python中还提供了super()机制,例子如下:
>>> class hello(object):
... def print_c(self):
... print"hello world!"
...
>>> class child(hello):
... def print_c(self):
... super(child,self).print_c()
...
>>> child().print_c()
hello world!
第一眼看过来是不是感觉一样?
在python中引入super()的目的是保证相同的基类只初始化一次(注意:
1super ()机制是用来解决多重继承的,对于直接调用父类名是没有问题的,但在之后根据前人的经验就是:要么都用类名调用,要么就全部用super(),不要混合的用,由此为人做事还是要专一的嘛O(∩_∩)O~
2 super()继承只能用于新式类,用于经典类时就会报错。
新式类:必须有继承的类,如果无继承的,则继承object
经典类:没有父类,如果此时调用super就会出现错误:『super() argument 1 must be type, not classobj)
好,再举一个例子
class parent1(object):
def __init__(self):
print 'is parent1'
print 'goes parent1'
class parent2(object):
def __init__(self):
print 'is parent2'
print 'goes parent2'
class child1(parent1):
def __init__(self):
print'is child1'
parent.__init__(self)
print 'goes child1'
class child2 (parent1) :
def __init__(self):
print 'is child2'
parent.__init__(self)
print 'goes child2'
class child3(parent2):
def __init__(self):
print 'is child3'
parent2.__init__(self)
print 'goes child3'
class grandson(child3,child2,child1):
def __init__(self):
print 'is grandson'
child1.__init__(self)
child2.__init__(self)
child3.__init__(self)
print'goes grandson'
if __name__=='__main__':
grandson()
is grandson
is child1
is parent1
goes parent1
goes child1
is child2
is parent1
goes parent1
goes child2
is child3
is parent2
goes parent2
goes child3
goes grandson
好了,在这儿发现什么问题了没有?对,基类parent1被多次执行,而有时我们只希望公共的类只被执行一次,那么此时我们引入super()机制查看效果:
class parent1(object):
def __init__(self):
super(parent1, self).__init__()
print 'is parent1'
print 'goes parent1'
class parent2(object):
def __init__(self):
super(parent2, self).__init__()
print 'is parent2'
print 'goes parent2'
class child1(parent1):
def __init__(self):
print'is child1'
#parent1.__init__(self)
super(child1, self).__init__()
print 'goes child1'
class child2 (parent1) :
def __init__(self):
print 'is child2'
#parent1.__init__(self)
super(child2, self).__init__()
print 'goes child2'
class child3(parent2):
def __init__(self):
print 'is child3'
#parent2.__init__(self)
super(child3, self).__init__()
print 'goes child3'
class grandson(child3,child2,child1):
def __init__(self):
print 'is grandson'
#child1.__init__(self)
#child2.__init__(self)
#child3.__init__(self)
super(grandson, self).__init__()
print'goes grandson'
if __name__=='__main__':
grandson()
此时我们查看结果:
is grandson
is child3
is child2
is child1
is parent1
goes parent1
goes child1
goes child2
is parent2
goes parent2
goes child3
goes grandson
结果很明显,公共基类parent1只被执行一次。
grandson类的继承体系如下图所示:
object
|
/ \
P1 P2
/ \ |
C2 C3
所以对于类的继承体系,我们可以看做一个图,而每一个类看做一个节点,那么super()机制的执行顺序是按照图的广度优先搜索算法查找super()的父类。
后续总结:
1. super()是一个类名而非函数,super(class, self)事实上调用了super类的初始化函数,产生了一个super对象;
2 super()机制必须要用新式类,否则会报错;
3 super()或直接父类调用最好只选择一种形式。