SHELL 学习二：Shell特殊变量：Shell $0, $#, $*, $@, $?, $$和命令行参数

1.命令行参数
运行脚本时传递给脚本的参数称为命令行参数。命令行参数用 $n 表示，例如，$1 表示第一个参数，$2 表示第二个参数，依次类推。

2. $* 和 $@ 的区别
   $* 和 $@ 都表示传递给函数或脚本的所有参数，不被双引号(" “)包含时，都以”$1" “$2"\dots "$n” 的形式输出所有参数。
   但是当它们被双引号(" “)包含时，”$*" 会将所有的参数作为一个整体，以"$1 $2 … $n"的形式输出所有参数；"$@" 会将各个参数分开，以"$1" “$2"\dots "$n” 的形式输出所有参数。

#!/bin/bash
echo "\$*=" $*
echo "\"\$*\"=" "$*"

echo "\$@=" $@
echo "\"\$@\"=" "$@"

echo "print each param from \$*"
for var in $*
do
    echo "$var"
done

echo "print each param from \$@"
for var in $@
do
    echo "$var"
done

echo "print each param from \"\$*\""
for var in "$*"
do
    echo "$var"
done

echo "print each param from \"\$@\""
for var in "$@"
do
    echo "$var"
done

执行 ./test.sh “a” “b” “c” “d”，看到下面的结果

$*=  a b c d
"$*"= a b c d
$@=  a b c d
"$@"= a b c d
print each param from $*
a
b
c
d
print each param from $@
a
b
c
d
print each param from "$*"
a b c d
print each param from "$@"
a
b
c
d

3. Shell替换：Shell变量替换，命令替换，转义字符
   如果表达式中包含特殊字符，Shell 将会进行替换。例如，在双引号中使用变量就是一种替换，转义字符也是一种替换

#!/bin/bash

a=10
echo -e "Value of a is $a \n"

运行结果：Value of a is 10
这里 -e 表示对转义字符进行替换。如果不使用 -e 选项，将会原样输出：Value of a is 10\n


4.命令替换
命令的替换语法：(反引号)

#!/bin/bash

DATE=`date`
echo "Date is $DATE"

USERS=`who | wc -l`
echo "Logged in user are $USERS"

UP=`date ; uptime`
echo "Uptime is $UP"

5. 变量替换
变量替换可以根据变量的状态（是否为空、是否定义等）来改变它的值

#!/bin/bash

echo ${var:-"Variable is not set"}
echo "1 - Value of var is ${var}"

echo ${var:="Variable is not set"}
echo "2 - Value of var is ${var}"

unset var
echo ${var:+"This is default value"}
echo "3 - Value of var is $var"

var="Prefix"
echo ${var:+"This is default value"}
echo "4 - Value of var is $var"

echo ${var:?"Print this message"}
echo "5 - Value of var is ${var}"