java final 编译,Java final字段编译时常量表达式

Even then, there are a number of complications. If a final field is

initialized to a compile-time constant expression (§15.28) in the field

declaration, changes to the final field may not be observed, since uses of that

final field are replaced at compile time with the value of the constant

expression.

Can anyone Please give me better explanation for the above. i couldn't understand the statement changes to the final field may not be observed. May with the help of example.

Thanks in advance

解决方案

I couldn't understand the statement changes to the final field may not be observed

It tells that , if a final variable is declared as compile time constant then any change made in the final variable using reflection API further in program will not be visible to the program during execution.

For example consider the code given below:

import java.lang.reflect.*;

class ChangeFinal

{

private final int x = 20;//compile time constant

public static void change(ChangeFinal cf)

{

try

{

Class clazz = ChangeFinal.class;

Field field = clazz.getDeclaredField("x");

field.setAccessible(true);

field.set(cf , 190);//changed x to 190 for object cf

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

ex.printStackTrace();

}

}

public static void main(String[] args)

{

ChangeFinal cf = new ChangeFinal();

System.out.println(cf.x);//prints 20

change(cf);

System.out.println(cf.x);//prints 20

}

}

The Output of the above code is:

20

20

WHY?

The answer lies in the output provided by javap -c command for public static void main:

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);

Code:

0: new #3; //class ChangeFinal

3: dup

4: invokespecial #11; //Method "":()V

7: astore_1

8: getstatic #12; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

11: aload_1

12: invokevirtual #13; //Method java/lang/Object.getClass:()Ljava/lang/Cla

ss;

15: pop

16: bipush 20

18: invokevirtual #14; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V

21: aload_1

22: invokestatic #15; //Method change:(LChangeFinal;)V

25: getstatic #12; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;

28: aload_1

29: invokevirtual #13; //Method java/lang/Object.getClass:()Ljava/lang/Cla

ss;

32: pop

33: bipush 20

35: invokevirtual #14; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V

38: return

}

At line 16 (before changeFinal method is called)the value of cf.x is hardcoded to 20 . And at line 33 (after changeFinal method is called) the value of cf.x is again hardcoded to 20. Therefore , Although the change in the value of final variable x is done successfully by reflection API during execution, but because of x being a compile time constant it is showing its constant value 20.