python 爬虫框架_Python实战：爬虫框架（6）

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-21 10:34:10 发布

weixin_40001967

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-21 10:34:10 发布

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文章标签： python 爬虫框架 python爬虫框架爬虫运行成功但没数据

数据挖掘

用于通过互联网到各个服务器获取数据

数据

公开数据：客户端浏览器访问网页所看到的数据

隐私数据：服务器内部没有暴露，具有隐私权限的数据

爬虫

网络爬虫：公开数据

蠕虫爬虫：携带具有攻击性病毒的爬虫，隐私数据

网络数据类型

服务器返回的数据类型？

html、json、xml、text、file文件

爬虫过程

真实访问过程：

1.浏览器：请求url访问 - 2.服务器验证：通过 - 3.返回url对应的数据（html、json、xml、text、file文件）最多的页面：html结构 - 4.浏览器渲染数据：显示

爬虫模拟过程：

1.代码模拟浏览器：请求url访问 - 2.服务器验证：脚本请求（恶意访问），反爬虫验证，突破 - 3.返回url对应的数据（html、json、xml、text、file文件）最多的页面：html结构 - 4.返回脚本处理：代码

开发者模式功能

学会：使用谷歌浏览器或其他浏览器的开发者模式

快捷键：F12 ｜Fn+F12

功能：阅读网页的源代码结构和数据，network网络（抓包工具）可以抓去该网页加载的所有的url接口

爬虫进阶

1.基础

urlib3 请求基础框架

re 正则表达式，解析框架

2.中级

requests 基于urlib3封装请求框架，简化，易学习，功能更加丰富和强大

bs4 基于re封装解析框架，简化，易学习，功能更加丰富和强大

3.高级

大型网站：反爬技术厉害

selenium 调用本地真实浏览器去请求数据

数据量：一天3亿

scrapy 分布式爬虫，有N台计算机同时运作处理

爬虫框架学习文档：

快速上手 - Requests 2.18.1 文档爬虫框架学习文档：

Beautiful Soup 4.4.0 文档爬虫框架学习文档：

快速上手 - Requests 2.18.1 文档requests.readthedocs.io Beautiful Soup 4.4.0 文档beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io

requests框架一：请求函数

http协议：短链接请求

1.GET请求

浏览器的地址栏，携带数据可见，地址栏长度限制：数据大小 <= 485kb，可以提交一般小容量的：文本数据

2.POST请求

携带数据不可见，无数据大小限制

3.请求两个对象

request请求对象：请求操作，提交数据

response响应对象：验证是否成功，获取数据

# 1.验证请求对象类型
response_get = requests.get(url='http://httpbin.org/get')

response_post = requests.post(url='http://httpbin.org/post')

print(type(requests),type(response_get))

运行结果

runcell(0, '/Users/lpf/Desktop/安康学院pyhton实训/python实训/第三天/requests框架教程.py')
<class 'module'> <class 'requests.models.Response'>

requests框架二：请求函数提交数据

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/wxamp/basicprofile/index?token=1509181277&lang=zh_CN

域名?提交数据

数据格式：name=value

GET请求参数：params={'user':'lpf'}

POST请求参数：data={'user':'lpf'}

# 2.请求提交参数

response_get = requests.get(url='http://httpbin.org/get',params={'user':'lpf'})

response_post = requests.post(url='http://httpbin.org/post',data={'user':'lpf'})


print('response_get',response_get.url)

print('response_post',response_post.url)

运行结果

runcell(0, '/Users/lpf/Desktop/安康学院pyhton实训/python实训/第三天/requests框架教程.py')
<class 'module'> <class 'requests.models.Response'>
response_get http://httpbin.org/get?user=lpf
response_post http://httpbin.org/post

requests框架三：请求函数是否成功和网页的编码格式

浏览器验证访问状态码

F12启动，点击network，F5刷新，随便找一个name点击，查看General-Status Code

成功：200

无法加载页面：404，403.....

服务异常：505，503.....

# 3.查看状态码和网页编码
response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.baidu.com')

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)
print('encoding-',response_get.encoding)

运行结果

runfile('/Users/lpf/Desktop/安康学院pyhton实训/python实训/第三天/requests框架教程.py')
<class 'module'> <class 'requests.models.Response'>
response_get http://httpbin.org/get?user=lpf
response_post http://httpbin.org/post
status_code- 200
encoding- ISO-8859-1

requests框架四：获取返回数据

text：字符流，能看懂，效率低

content：字节流，看不懂，效率高

# 4.获取网页源码 text字符流 content字节流（二进制）
print('text-',response_get.text)
print('content-',response_get.content)

运行结果

runfile('/Users/lpf/Desktop/安康学院pyhton实训/python实训/第三天/requests框架教程.py')
<class 'module'> <class 'requests.models.Response'>
response_get http://httpbin.org/get?user=lpf
response_post http://httpbin.org/post
status_code- 200
encoding- None
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requests框架五：定制头部

浏览器访问，隐藏携带一些脚本没有的数据，服务器验证这些数据，判断你是客户端访问，还是脚本访问

1.测试网址：千里马招标网站

http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305

2.浏览器访问

3.脚本访问

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305')

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

status_code- 403

4.分析浏览器请求头部：User-Agent 用户代理

User-Agent:

Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.89 Safari/537.36

定制头部提交数据

User-Agent: 用户代理

moz 火狐（系统和版本）AppleWebKit 渲染引擎 chrome谷歌 safari苹果

head = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.89 Safari/537.36'
}

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305')

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305',headers=head)

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

运行结果

status_code- 403
status_code- 200

requests框架六：代理IP

你的IP访问该网站次数频繁，IP异常，把你拉黑，再次访问404

VPN代理

电脑 - 香港 - 澳门的服务器 - 用链接的电脑代替你访问国外

proxies = {
    'http://':'51.79.160.101:8080',
    'https://':'165.225.226.119:10605',
}

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305',proxies=proxies,headers=head)

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

运行结果

status_code- 403
status_code- 200
status_code- 200

requests框架七：链接超时处理

挂你不链接：60s默认链接时间

timeout设置时间，如果超出时间，就直接报错，自杀

异常处理

try:
    proxies = {
    'http://':'51.79.160.101	:10605',
    'https://':'165.225.226.119:10605',
    }

    response_get = requests.get(url='温润雨声泪入茶',timeout=0.1,proxies=proxies,headers=head)

    print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

except Exception:
    print('链接超时')

运行结果

链接超时

完整代码

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Wed Jul 29 15:44:35 2020

@author: lpf

@content: requests框架教程.py

"""


import requests


# 1.验证请求对象类型
response_get = requests.get(url='http://httpbin.org/get')

response_post = requests.post(url='http://httpbin.org/post')

print(type(requests),type(response_get))


# 2.请求提交参数

response_get = requests.get(url='http://httpbin.org/get',params={'user':'lpf'})

response_post = requests.post(url='http://httpbin.org/post',data={'user':'lpf'})


print('response_get',response_get.url)

print('response_post',response_post.url)


# 3.查看状态码和网页编码
response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.baidu.com')

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)
print('encoding-',response_get.encoding)


# 4.获取网页源码 text字符流 content字节流（二进制）
print('text-',response_get.text)
print('content-',response_get.content)


# 5.反爬虫
head = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.89 Safari/537.36'
}

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305')

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305',headers=head)

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)


# 6.代理IP: ip:port
proxies = {
    'http://':'51.79.160.101	:8080',
    'https://':'165.225.226.119:10605',
}

response_get = requests.get(url='http://www.qianlima.com/zb/area_305',proxies=proxies,headers=head)

print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)


# 7.设置链接时间
# 挂你不链接：60s默认链接时间
# timeout设置时间，如果超出时间，就直接报错，自杀
# 异常处理
try:
    proxies = {
    'http://':'51.79.160.101	:10605',
    'https://':'165.225.226.119:10605',
    }

    response_get = requests.get(url='https://www.leirucha.com',timeout=0.1,proxies=proxies,headers=head)

    print('status_code-',response_get.status_code)

except Exception:
    print('链接超时')