C++编程小指南

• bool, string等变量, 最好明确初始化, 否则, 不同的编译器中, 会出现不同默认初始化值的情况, 如我们的case中 bool变量的值, 未明确初始化时, 初始值竟然是240, 而不是false/true. 贴两个quote According to C++ standard Section 8.5.12:

  • if no initialization is performed, an object with automatic or dynamic storage duration has indeterminate value, 若不初始化, 值是不确定性的值
  • For primitive built-in data types (bool, char, wchar_t, short, int, long, float, double, long double), only global variables (all static storage variables) get default value of zero if they are not explicitly initialized 只有原生的数据类型, 定义为全局的静态变量时, 才会给你初始化.

  struct SegResultContext {
      std::string word;
      std::vector<int> semantic_ids;
      bool is_addr_start;
      bool is_level4area;
      SegResultContext():word(), semantic_ids(), is_addr_start(false), is_level4area(false){}
  };
  

• replace_all(remove_spaces(trim(text))), 嵌套着写一起不行, 报错, 换成三行来写就OK了, 为什么?

  • replace_all, remove_surplus_spaces, trim三个函数的形参, 全部定义成了string &s, 而非const string &s导致的.
  • 两者差异在于, 形参中使用引用, 而非常量引用, 会极大地限制函数所能接受的实参类型, 我们不能把const对象, 字面值或者需要类型转换的对象, 函数表达式等传递递给普通的引用形参. 我们嵌套函数, 属于函数表达式, 所以, 将这三个函数的普通引用形参, 前面加个const, 即改为常量引用形参, 就可以多层嵌套调用了.

  string rm_surplus_spaces(const string &s) {
      regex r("\\s+");
      string new_s = regex_replace(s, r, " ");
      return new_s;
  }
  string replace_all(const string &s, const string &old_value, const string &new_value) {
      regex re(old_value);
      string ss = regex_replace(s, re, new_value);
      return ss;
  }
  

• 代码块的执行时长的测量方法, 利用std::chrono::high_resolution_clock, 单位为micro seconds (us) ,同时chrono类提供了不同时间单位的测量方法, 如ms, us, ns, s等

  auto start_micro = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
  ....code_block.....
  auto ela_s1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
  long long cost_s1 = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(ela_s1-start_micro).count();
  cout << "cost in us : " << to_string(cost_s1) << endl;
  

• 如何正确读取string中的每个字或字符? (当中英混合时, 每个字的长度, 有2-6个byte组成)

  bool read_by_word(const std::string &input){   //正常格式的line
      //const char* line_ch = line_to_char(line);
      std::string ch;
      for (size_t i = 0, len = 0; i != input.length(); i += len) {
          unsigned char byte = (unsigned) input[i];
          if (byte >= 0xFC) // length 6
              len = 6;
          else if (byte >= 0xF8)
              len = 5;
          else if (byte >= 0xF0)
              len = 4;
          else if (byte >= 0xE0)
              len = 3;
          else if (byte >= 0xC0)
              len = 2;
          else
              len = 1;
          ch = input.substr(i, len);
          cout << ch << endl;
      }
      return true;
  }
  

• 对vector of 对象做, 基于某个成员变量做排序

  struct person {
      string name;
      int age;
  };
  inline void sort_vector(std::vector<person> &people) {
      std::sort(people.begin(), people.end(),
                [](auto const &a, auto const &b) { return a.age < b.age; });
  }
  int main() {
      person p1{"john", 22};
      person p2{"david", 19};
      person p3{"amy", 7};
      vector<person> people;
      people.push_back(p1);
      people.push_back(p2);
      people.push_back(p3);
      sort_vector(people);
      for (auto v : people) {
          cout << v.name << " " << v.age << endl;
      }
  }
  

• 正则, 完全匹配, 并打印每个group匹配到的值

  string s = "联系人:你好嘛联系电话:242424354354详细地址:浙江省(拒绝到付件！面单上寄件人号码 名字要填写上去哦,另外再注明一下是";
  regex re(".*?(收件人|联系人|姓名)[\\s,:]+([^\\s,:]{6,18})[\\s,]*(手机|电话|号码|联系|\\d+|$).*?");
  std::smatch what;
  std::regex_match(s, what, re);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < what.size(); ++i) {
      cout << what[i].str() << " " << i << endl;
  }
  //或取指定的第几个group
  if (std::regex_match(s, what, re)) {
      cout << what[2].str() << endl;   
  }
  

• 正则, 打印所有满足表达式的值, 即使用regex_search (分别举例返回第一个匹配值和返回每个匹配值)

  void test_regex_search() {
      string pattern("[^c]ei");
      pattern = "[[:alpha:]]*" + pattern + "[[:alpha:]]*";
      regex r(pattern);
      smatch results;
      string test_str = "receipt freind theif receive";
      if (regex_search(test_str, results, r)) {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < results.size(); i++)
              cout << results[i].str() << endl;
      }
      //第一种条理更清晰的写法
      sregex_iterator it(test_str.begin(), test_str.end(), r);
      sregex_iterator it_end;
      while (it != it_end) {
          cout << it->str() << endl;
          ++it;
      }
      //第二种相等的简洁写法
      for (sregex_iterator it(test_str.begin(), test_str.end(), r), it_end; it != it_end; ++it)
          cout << it->str() << endl;
  }
  

• 读本地文件

  std::string file_in = "test.txt";
  std::ifstream ifile(file_in.c_str());
  if (!ifile.is_open()) {
      std::cout <<  "regex model file - open error!" << std::endl;
      return 1;
  }
  std::string line;
  while (getline(ifile, line)) {
      if (line.size() <= 0)
          continue;
      std::cout << line << std::endl;
  }
  

• 利用picojson.h来解析json数据, picojson.h可以搜google或github, 直接拷贝过来即可

  #include "picojson.h"
  int main() {
      string query = "{\"words_in\":\"c.tb.cn/I3.ZWA4n\", \"id\":\"NEW2\", \"type\":\"text\"}";
      map<string, string> features;
      picojson::value v;
      std::string err;
      parse(v, query.begin(), query.end(), &err);
      if (!err.empty() || !v.is<picojson::object>()) {
          cout << err.c_str() << endl;
          return 1;
      }
      const picojson::value::object& obj = v.get<picojson::object>();
      for (picojson::value::object::const_iterator it = obj.begin(); it != obj.end(); it++) {
          features[it->first] = it->second.to_str();
          cout << it->first << " " << it->second.to_str() << endl;
      }
  }
  

to be continued…