MySQL编码问题详解

MySQL设置编码方法

1、通过配置文件修改my.ini(windows下)或/etc/my.cnf(linux下)

分别添加如下内容

[mysqld]
character_set_server=utf8
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
[mysql.server]
default-character-set=utf8
[mysql_safe]
default-character-set=utf8
[client]
default-character-set=utf8

2、创建数据库时设置编码

GBK编码： 
create database test2 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci; 
UTF8编码: 
CREATE DATABASE `test2` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;

3、创建表时设置编码

create table test(id int primary key)DEFAULT charset=utf8;

4、修改数据库编码

alter database test character set utf8;

5、修改表默认编码

alter table test character set utf8;

6、修改字段编码

alter table test modify col_name varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8;

数据库编码变量

show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                        |
| character_set_connection | gbk                        |
| character_set_database   | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | gbk                        |
| character_set_server     | latin1                     |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

character_set_client
主要用来设置客户端使用的字符集。

character_set_connection
主要用来设置连接数据库时的字符集，如果程序中没有指明连接数据库使用的字符集类型则按照这个字符集设置。

character_set_database
主要用来设置默认创建数据库的编码格式，如果在创建数据库时没有设置编码格式，就按照这个格式设置。

character_set_filesystem
文件系统的编码格式，把操作系统上的文件名转化成此字符集，即把 character_set_client转换character_set_filesystem， 默认binary是不做任何转换的。

character_set_results
数据库给客户端返回时使用的编码格式，如果没有指明，使用服务器默认的编码格式。

character_set_server
服务器安装时指定的默认编码格式，这个变量建议由系统自己管理，不要人为定义。

character_set_system
数据库系统使用的编码格式，这个值一直是utf8，不需要设置，它是为存储系统元数据的编码格式。

character_sets_dir
这个变量是字符集安装的目录。

设置当前窗口的数据库字符编码

设置当前窗口的数据库字符编码，即使基于会话session级别的，关闭此窗口，重新打开另外的窗口操作数据库依然是原来的字符编码
示例

测试数据库-ceph01->show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

测试数据库-ceph01->set  character_set_client=gbk;

测试数据库-ceph01->show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                        |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

set  character_set_client=gbk;

配置文件改编码

查看当前编码

show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                        |
| character_set_connection | gbk                        |
| character_set_database   | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | gbk                        |
| character_set_server     | latin1                     |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

修改配置文件

cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8

[client]
default-character-set=utf8

重启数据库再次查看编码

show VARIABLES LIKE 'char%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

set names

set names设置编码后会改变character_set_client，character_set_connection， character_set_results的编码，但是仅仅对当前会话有效。
首先查看编码

show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

set names gbk;

再次查看编码

show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                        |
| character_set_connection | gbk                        |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | gbk                        |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

退出登录
测试数据库-ceph01->quit
Bye
再次登录数据库并查看编码
[root@ceph01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
Server version: 5.5.65-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

测试数据库-ceph01->show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                       |
| character_set_connection | utf8                       |
| character_set_database   | utf8                       |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8                       |
| character_set_server     | utf8                       |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)