本文主要介绍 HSQLDB 的基本使用，文中所使用到的软件版本：Java 11.0.22、HSQLDB 2.7.2。
1、进程内模式
直接使用 JDBC 连接数据库即可，如果数据库不存在会自动创建。
1.1、file 数据库
@Test
public void inProcessFile() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
//用户名密码为第一次连接设置的密码
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
private void business(Connection con) throws SQLException {
String tableName = "a_student";
Statement st = con.createStatement();
String sql = "select 1 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where upper(table_schema)=? and upper(table_name)=?";
PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(sql);
pst.setString(1, "PUBLIC");
pst.setString(2, tableName.toUpperCase());
ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();
if (!rs.next()) {//表不存在则创建并初始化数据，这里根据业务需要进行操作
st.executeUpdate("create table " + tableName + "(id int, name varchar(32))");
st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (1,'李白')");
st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (2,'杜甫')");
}
rs = st.executeQuery("select * from " + tableName);
while (rs.next()) {
log.info("id={},name={}", rs.getInt("id"), rs.getString("name"));
}
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1.2、mem 数据库
1.3、res 数据库
@Test
public void inProcessRes() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
//用户名密码为第一次连接设置的密码,数据库文件位于某个依赖 jar 文件的 db 目录中
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:res:db/" + dbName, "admin", "123456");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
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2、服务器模式
2.1、HyperSQL HSQL Server
可以通过如下命令启动 HyperSQL HSQL Server，假设当前位于 HSQLDB 安装包的 data 目录中：
可以添加其他参数来调整数据库的默认行为，查看所有参数：
相关参数如下：
Usage: java org.hsqldb.server.WebServer [options]
+-----------------+------------ +------------+------------------------------+
| OPTION | TYPE | DEFAULT | DESCRIPTION |
+-----------------+-------------+------------+------------------------------|
| --help | - | - | displays this message |
| --address | name|number | any | server inet address |
| --port | number | 80/443 | port at which server listens |
| --database.i | [type]spec | 0=test | name of database i |
| --dbname.i | alias | - | url alias for database i |
| --root | path | ./ | path to web root |
| --default_page | file | index.html | default web page |
| --silent | true|false | true | false => display all queries |
| --trace | true|false | false | display JDBC trace messages |
| --tls | true|false | | HTTPS (secure) sockets |
| --no_system_exit| true|false | false | do not issue System.exit() |
| --remote_open | true|false | false | can open databases remotely |
| --props | filepath | | file path of properties file |
+-----------------+-------------+------------+------------------------------+
The web server looks for a 'webserver.properties' file in the current directory
and loads properties from it if it exists.
Command line options override those loaded from the 'webserver.properties' file.- 1.
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启动后使用 JDBC 访问数据库：
2.2、HyperSQL HTTP Server
可以通过如下命令启动 HyperSQL HTTP Server，假设当前位于 HSQLDB 安装包的 data 目录中：
可以添加其他参数来调整数据库的默认行为，查看所有参数：
相关参数如下：
Usage: java org.hsqldb.server.WebServer [options]
+-----------------+------------ +------------+------------------------------+
| OPTION | TYPE | DEFAULT | DESCRIPTION |
+-----------------+-------------+------------+------------------------------|
| --help | - | - | displays this message |
| --address | name|number | any | server inet address |
| --port | number | 80/443 | port at which server listens |
| --database.i | [type]spec | 0=test | name of database i |
| --dbname.i | alias | - | url alias for database i |
| --root | path | ./ | path to web root |
| --default_page | file | index.html | default web page |
| --silent | true|false | true | false => display all queries |
| --trace | true|false | false | display JDBC trace messages |
| --tls | true|false | | HTTPS (secure) sockets |
| --no_system_exit| true|false | false | do not issue System.exit() |
| --remote_open | true|false | false | can open databases remotely |
| --props | filepath | | file path of properties file |
+-----------------+-------------+------------+------------------------------+
The web server looks for a 'webserver.properties' file in the current directory
and loads properties from it if it exists.
Command line options override those loaded from the 'webserver.properties' file.- 1.
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启动后使用 JDBC 访问数据库：
2.3、HyperSQL HTTP Servlet
这种方式使用较少，这里就不详细介绍，可参考源文件 src/org/hsqldb/server/Servlet.java 查看详细信息。
3、混合模式
应用通过代码的方式启动数据库服务，应用内访问数据库可以使用进程模式，其他应用通过服务器模式访问。下面衍生通过代码分别启动 HyperSQL HSQL Server 和 HyperSQL HTTP Server，然后模拟其他应用访问数据库。
3.1、HyperSQL HSQL Server
@Test
public void hsqlServer2() throws Exception {
HsqlProperties p = new HsqlProperties();
//三种数据库类型，根据需要选择合适的一个
p.setProperty("server.database.0","file:d:/temp/mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","mem:mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","res:db/test");//数据库文件test.xx位于某个依赖jar文件的 db 目录中
p.setProperty("server.dbname.0","test");
Server server = new Server();
server.setProperties(p);
server.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
new Thread(() -> {
try {
//模拟其他应用访问
hsqlServer();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
countDownLatch.countDown();
}).start();
countDownLatch.await();
server.shutdownCatalogs(1);
server.stop();
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Server 的属性配置参数可参考 2.1 中启动数据库时的命令行参数。
3.2、HyperSQL HTTP Server
@Test
public void httpServer2() throws Exception {
HsqlProperties p = new HsqlProperties();
//三种数据库类型，根据需要选择合适的一个
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","file:d:/temp/mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","mem:mydb");
p.setProperty("server.database.0","res:db/test");//数据库文件test.xx位于某个依赖jar文件的 db 目录中
p.setProperty("server.dbname.0","test");
WebServer webServer = new WebServer();
webServer.setProperties(p);
webServer.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
new Thread(() -> {
try {
//模拟其他应用访问
httpServer();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
countDownLatch.countDown();
}).start();
countDownLatch.await();
webServer.stop();
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WebServer 的属性配置参数可参考 2.2 中启动数据库时的命令行参数。
完整代码：
package com.abc.demo.db;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.hsqldb.Server;
import org.hsqldb.persist.HsqlProperties;
import org.hsqldb.server.WebServer;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
@Slf4j
public class HSQLCase {
@Test
public void inProcessFile() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
//用户名密码为第一次连接设置的密码
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
@Test
public void inProcessMem() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
//用户名密码为第一次连接设置的密码
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:" + dbName, "admin", "123456");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
@Test
public void inProcessRes() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
//用户名密码为第一次连接设置的密码,数据库文件位于某个依赖 jar 文件的 db 目录中
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:res:db/" + dbName, "admin", "123456");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
@Test
public void hsqlServer() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://localhost:9001/" + dbName, "SA", "");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
@Test
public void httpServer() throws SQLException {
String dbName = "test";
Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb:http://localhost:80/" + dbName, "SA", "");
log.info("con={}", con);
business(con);
con.close();
}
@Test
public void hsqlServer2() throws Exception {
HsqlProperties p = new HsqlProperties();
//三种数据库类型，根据需要选择合适的一个
p.setProperty("server.database.0","file:d:/temp/mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","mem:mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","res:db/test");//数据库文件test.xx位于某个依赖jar文件的 db 目录中
p.setProperty("server.dbname.0","test");
Server server = new Server();
server.setProperties(p);
server.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
new Thread(() -> {
try {
//模拟其他应用访问
hsqlServer();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
countDownLatch.countDown();
}).start();
countDownLatch.await();
server.shutdownCatalogs(1);
server.stop();
}
@Test
public void httpServer2() throws Exception {
HsqlProperties p = new HsqlProperties();
//三种数据库类型，根据需要选择合适的一个
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","file:d:/temp/mydb");
//p.setProperty("server.database.0","mem:mydb");
p.setProperty("server.database.0","res:db/test");//数据库文件test.xx位于某个依赖jar文件的 db 目录中
p.setProperty("server.dbname.0","test");
WebServer webServer = new WebServer();
webServer.setProperties(p);
webServer.start();
CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
new Thread(() -> {
try {
//模拟其他应用访问
httpServer();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
countDownLatch.countDown();
}).start();
countDownLatch.await();
webServer.stop();
}
private void business(Connection con) throws SQLException {
String tableName = "a_student";
Statement st = con.createStatement();
String sql = "select 1 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where upper(table_schema)=? and upper(table_name)=?";
PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(sql);
pst.setString(1, "PUBLIC");
pst.setString(2, tableName.toUpperCase());
ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();
if (!rs.next()) {//表不存在则创建并初始化数据，这里根据业务需要进行操作
st.executeUpdate("create table " + tableName + "(id int, name varchar(32))");
st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (1,'李白')");
st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (2,'杜甫')");
}
rs = st.executeQuery("select * from " + tableName);
while (rs.next()) {
log.info("id={},name={}", rs.getInt("id"), rs.getString("name"));
}
}
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HSQLCase.java
package com.abc.demo.db;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.sql.*;
@Slf4j
public class JdbcUtil {
private JdbcUtil() {}
public static Connection getConnection(String driver, String url, String username, String password) {
Connection con = null;
try {
Class.forName(driver);
con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) {
log.warn("url={},username={},password={}", url, username, password);
e.printStackTrace();
}
return con;
}
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JdbcUtil.java
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