intro
在Java中,程序的单位是类,但在操作层面而言,程序的单位是函数。函数决定着数据的控制、处理。而线程,就是一个控制函数运行的管家,在并行计算中,多线程可以加速程序的运行。
构造线程的方法
出乎意料,构造程序所需的东西都在java.lang包内。所以你无需import任何东西就可以构造多线程了。方法有三:
- 通过实现 Runnable 接口;
- 通过继承 Thread 类本身;
- 通过 Callable 和 Future 创建线程。
熟悉C#的朋友就会发现它们在构造多线方面简直一摸一样。
通过Thread类
Thread自带run和start
// ThreadDemo.java
class ThreadDemo extends Thread{
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
ThreadDemo(String name){
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadname);
}
public void run(){
System.out.println("Running " + threadName);
try{
for(int i = 4; i > 0 ; i--) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);
t.sleep(50);
}
}catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Thread " + thraedName + "interrupted.");
}
System.out.print;("Thread " + threadName + " exiting");
}
public void start() {
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName);
if(t == null) {
t = new Thread(this, threadName);
t.start();
}
}
}
// TestThread.java
public class TestThread{
public static void main(String[] arg[]) {
ThreadDemo T1 = new ThreadDemo("Thread-1");
T1.start();
ThreadDemo T2 = new
T2.start();
}
}
通过Runnable接口
遇到新的类或接口时,先查jdk或在eclipse点进去看一下。
package java.lang;
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable{
public abstract void run();
}
- 可见,Runnable接口只有一个抽象函数,原来接口也可以定义抽象函数的。注意Java的抽象函数和C++的纯虚函数一样,在子类必须要实现。
- @FunctionalInterface是特性,在Java叫函数式接口,也就是Single Abstract Method interfaces。可看我的另一篇博文@FunctionalInterface
- 由于Runnable只有run方法,我们还是需要用Thread类来启动线程。
// RunnableDemo.java
class RunnabelDemo implements Runnable{
private Thread t;
private String threadName;
RunnableDemo(String name){
threadName = name;
System.out.println("Creating " + threadName);
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Runnning " + threadName);
try{
for(int i = 4; i > 0; i--){
System.out.println("Tread: " + threadName + "," + i);
Thread.sleep(50); //50ms
}
}catch(InterruptedException e){
System.out.println("Thread " + threadName + "interrupted.");
}
System.out.prinln("Thread " + threadName + " exiting");
}
public void start(){
System.out.println("Starting " + threadName);
if(t == null) {
t = new Thread(this, threadname);
t.start();
}
}
}
// TestThread.java
public class TestThread{
public static void main(String[] args){
RunnableDemo R1 = new Runnable("Thread-1");
R1.start();
RunnableDemo R2 = new Runnable("Thread-2");
R2.start();
}
}
继承Runnable之后还要嵌套一个Thread类成员,不懂这样有啥优势?注意,这里RunnableDemo继承Runnable接口,是没有start函数的。
通过 Callable 和 FutureTask 创建线程
又是不认识的接口和类,先看下jdk和源码
// java.util.concurrent.Callable
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
V call() throws Exception;
]
原来throws还可以出现在函数体内的。Callable是个泛型接口,提供一个call函数。这个call函数能被FutureTask<>作为参数构建,而FutureTask能作为Thread参数构建,是不是绕晕了呢?
先看下FutureTask的类图吧。红框中明确说明了Callable<>可以作为参数进行构造。这也是为什么我们需要在类中继承Callable接口,这样我们的类就可以喂入FutureTask里了,然后再喂入Thread。而泛型参数就是返回类型了。
public class CallableThreadTest implements Callable<Integer> {
public static void main(String[] args){
CallableThreadTest ctt = new CallableThreadTest();
//Callable喂入FutureTask
FutureTask<Integer> ft = new FutureTask<>(ctt);
for(int i = 4; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" element "i);
if(i==20){
// FutureTask喂入Thread
new Thread(ft,"Thead with reutrn").start();
}
}
try{
System.out.println("the reutrn is " + ft.get());
}catch(InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(ExecutionException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception{
for(int i = 0;i<100; i++){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getname()+" " +i);
}
return i;
}
}
我们可以通过thread.get()获得call函数的返回值哦~
Reference
[1] https://www.runoob.com/java/java-multithreading.html
[2] https://www.jianshu.com/p/32f89b3e13cc