集合Map详解

Map 提供了一个更通用的元素存储方法。Map 集合类用于存储元素对（称作“键”和“值”），其中每个键映射到一个值。

本文主要介绍Map的几个主要实现类：
HashMap,TreeMap,HashTable,LinkedHashMap,ConcurrentHashMap

详细介绍：

HashMap

HashMap 基于哈希表的Map接口的实现。 此实现提供了所有可选的映射操作，并允许null值和null键。
HashMap的主干是一个Entry数组。Entry是HashMap的基本组成单元，每一个Entry包含一个key-value键值对。（jdk1.7）
HashMap是基于TreeNode实现的，数组+链表+红黑树的数据结构（jdk1.8后）

简单来说，HashMap由数组+链表组成的，数组是HashMap的主体，链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的

线程不安全

public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializabl

HashMap的扩容是以2的倍数来进行的。而loadFactor就指定了什么时候需要进行扩容操作。默认的loadFactor是0.75。

static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    public HashMap() {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
    }

新增

    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }

 /**
         * Tree version of putVal.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
                                       int h, K k, V v) {
            Class<?> kc = null;
            boolean searched = false;
            TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
                int dir, ph; K pk;
                if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                    dir = -1;
                else if (ph < h)
                    dir = 1;
                else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
                    return p;
                else if ((kc == null &&
                          (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
                         (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
                    if (!searched) {
                        TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
                        searched = true;
                        if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
                             (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
                            ((ch = p.right) != null &&
                             (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
                            return q;
                    }
                    dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
                }

                TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
                if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
                    Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
                    TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
                    if (dir <= 0)
                        xp.left = x;
                    else
                        xp.right = x;
                    xp.next = x;
                    x.parent = x.prev = xp;
                    if (xpn != null)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
                    moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
                    return null;
                }
            }
        }

删除：

    public V remove(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
            null : e.value;
    }

HashMap的遍历查询
方法一：for循环中使用entries实现Map的遍历：

Map <String,String>map = new HashMap<String,String>();
map.put("aa", "ddd");
map.put("11", "22222");
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
    String mapKey = entry.getKey();
    String mapValue = entry.getValue();
    System.out.println(mapKey+":"+mapValue);
}

方法二：在for循环中遍历key或者values，一般适用于只需要map中的key或者value时使用，在性能上比使用entrySet较好；

Map <String,String>map = new HashMap<String,String>();
//key
for(String key : map.keySet()){
    System.out.println(key);
    //通过键找值遍历，效率比较低，因为本身从键取值是耗时的操作；
    String value = map.get(key);
    System.out.println(key+":"+value);
}
//value
for(String value : map.values()){
    System.out.println(value);
}

方法三：通过Iterator遍历；

Iterator<Entry<String, String>> entries = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(entries.hasNext()){
    Entry<String, String> entry = entries.next();
    String key = entry.getKey();
    String value = entry.getValue();
    System.out.println(key+":"+value);
}

TreeMap

TreeMap中所有的元素都是有某一固定顺序的，如果需要得到一个有序的结果，就应该使用TreeMap；
TreeMap的底层是一个Entry：
他的实现是一个红黑树，方便用来遍历和搜索。
线程不安全

public class TreeMap<K,V>
    extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

TreeMap的构造函数可以传入一个Comparator，实现自定义的比较方法。

    public TreeMap() {
        comparator = null;
    }

新增

    public V put(K key, V value) {
        Entry<K,V> t = root;
        if (t == null) {
            compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check

            root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
            size = 1;
            modCount++;
            return null;
        }
        int cmp;
        Entry<K,V> parent;
        // split comparator and comparable paths
        Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
        if (cpr != null) {
            do {
                parent = t;
                cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
                if (cmp < 0)
                    t = t.left;
                else if (cmp > 0)
                    t = t.right;
                else
                    return t.setValue(value);
            } while (t != null);
        }
        else {
            if (key == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
            do {
                parent = t;
                cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
                if (cmp < 0)
                    t = t.left;
                else if (cmp > 0)
                    t = t.right;
                else
                    return t.setValue(value);
            } while (t != null);
        }
        Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
        if (cmp < 0)
            parent.left = e;
        else
            parent.right = e;
        fixAfterInsertion(e);
        size++;
        modCount++;
        return null;
    }

删除

    public V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
        if (p == null)
            return null;

        V oldValue = p.value;
        deleteEntry(p);
        return oldValue;
    }

HashTable

HashTable是继承Dictionary类，基于Entry实现的；
put方法不允许null值，如果发现是null，则直接抛出异常。
Hashtable通过synchronized修饰方法 来保证线程安全
线程安全

public class Hashtable<K,V>
    extends Dictionary<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable 

    public Hashtable() {
        this(11, 0.75f);
    }

新增：

    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        // Make sure the value is not null
        if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        // Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
            if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
                V old = entry.value;
                entry.value = value;
                return old;
            }
        }

        addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
        return null;
    }

删除

    public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
        int hash = key.hashCode();
        int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
        for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
            if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
                modCount++;
                if (prev != null) {
                    prev.next = e.next;
                } else {
                    tab[index] = e.next;
                }
                count--;
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = null;
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

LinkedHashMap

LinkedHashMap是继承于HashMap，是基于HashMap和双向链表来实现的。
HashMap无序；LinkedHashMap有序，可分为插入顺序和访问顺序两种。
如果是访问顺序，那put和get操作已存在的Entry时，都会把Entry移动到双向链表的表尾(其实是先删除再插入)。
线程不安全的

public class LinkedHashMap<K,V>
    extends HashMap<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>

ConcurrentHashMap

ConcurrentHashMap
底层使用 Node数组+链表+ 红黑树
使用的是优化的synchronized 关键字同步代码块 和 cas操作了维护并发(jdk1.8版本，1.7版本使用的是分段锁)。

public class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements ConcurrentMap<K,V>, Serializable 

新增：

    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(key, value, false);
    }

    /** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        int binCount = 0;
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                tab = initTable();
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                             new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                              value, null);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

删除：

public V remove(Object key) {
        return replaceNode(key, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Implementation for the four public remove/replace methods:
     * Replaces node value with v, conditional upon match of cv if
     * non-null.  If resulting value is null, delete.
     */
    final V replaceNode(Object key, V value, Object cv) {
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
                (f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null)
                break;
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                boolean validated = false;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            validated = true;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;;) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    V ev = e.val;
                                    if (cv == null || cv == ev ||
                                        (ev != null && cv.equals(ev))) {
                                        oldVal = ev;
                                        if (value != null)
                                            e.val = value;
                                        else if (pred != null)
                                            pred.next = e.next;
                                        else
                                            setTabAt(tab, i, e.next);
                                    }
                                    break;
                                }
                                pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null)
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            validated = true;
                            TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                            TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
                            if ((r = t.root) != null &&
                                (p = r.findTreeNode(hash, key, null)) != null) {
                                V pv = p.val;
                                if (cv == null || cv == pv ||
                                    (pv != null && cv.equals(pv))) {
                                    oldVal = pv;
                                    if (value != null)
                                        p.val = value;
                                    else if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
                                        setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (validated) {
                    if (oldVal != null) {
                        if (value == null)
                            addCount(-1L, -1);
                        return oldVal;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }