Map 提供了一个更通用的元素存储方法。Map 集合类用于存储元素对(称作“键”和“值”),其中每个键映射到一个值。
本文主要介绍Map的几个主要实现类:
HashMap,TreeMap,HashTable,LinkedHashMap,ConcurrentHashMap
详细介绍:
HashMap
HashMap 基于哈希表的Map接口的实现。 此实现提供了所有可选的映射操作,并允许null值和null键。
HashMap的主干是一个Entry数组。Entry是HashMap的基本组成单元,每一个Entry包含一个key-value键值对。(jdk1.7)
HashMap是基于TreeNode实现的,数组+链表+红黑树的数据结构(jdk1.8后)
简单来说,HashMap由数组+链表组成的,数组是HashMap的主体,链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的
线程不安全
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializabl
HashMap的扩容是以2的倍数来进行的。而loadFactor就指定了什么时候需要进行扩容操作。默认的loadFactor是0.75。
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
新增
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* Tree version of putVal.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
int h, K k, V v) {
Class<?> kc = null;
boolean searched = false;
TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph; K pk;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
if (!searched) {
TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
searched = true;
if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
((ch = p.right) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
return q;
}
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
}
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
xp.next = x;
x.parent = x.prev = xp;
if (xpn != null)
((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
return null;
}
}
}
删除:
public V remove(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
null : e.value;
}
HashMap的遍历查询
方法一:for循环中使用entries实现Map的遍历:
Map <String,String>map = new HashMap<String,String>();
map.put("aa", "ddd");
map.put("11", "22222");
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
String mapKey = entry.getKey();
String mapValue = entry.getValue();
System.out.println(mapKey+":"+mapValue);
}
方法二:在for循环中遍历key或者values,一般适用于只需要map中的key或者value时使用,在性能上比使用entrySet较好;
Map <String,String>map = new HashMap<String,String>();
//key
for(String key : map.keySet()){
System.out.println(key);
//通过键找值遍历,效率比较低,因为本身从键取值是耗时的操作;
String value = map.get(key);
System.out.println(key+":"+value);
}
//value
for(String value : map.values()){
System.out.println(value);
}
方法三:通过Iterator遍历;
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> entries = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(entries.hasNext()){
Entry<String, String> entry = entries.next();
String key = entry.getKey();
String value = entry.getValue();
System.out.println(key+":"+value);
}
TreeMap
TreeMap中所有的元素都是有某一固定顺序的,如果需要得到一个有序的结果,就应该使用TreeMap;
TreeMap的底层是一个Entry:
他的实现是一个红黑树,方便用来遍历和搜索。
线程不安全
public class TreeMap<K,V>
extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
TreeMap的构造函数可以传入一个Comparator,实现自定义的比较方法。
public TreeMap() {
comparator = null;
}
新增
public V put(K key, V value) {
Entry<K,V> t = root;
if (t == null) {
compare(key, key); // type (and possibly null) check
root = new Entry<>(key, value, null);
size = 1;
modCount++;
return null;
}
int cmp;
Entry<K,V> parent;
// split comparator and comparable paths
Comparator<? super K> cpr = comparator;
if (cpr != null) {
do {
parent = t;
cmp = cpr.compare(key, t.key);
if (cmp < 0)
t = t.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
t = t.right;
else
return t.setValue(value);
} while (t != null);
}
else {
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
do {
parent = t;
cmp = k.compareTo(t.key);
if (cmp < 0)
t = t.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
t = t.right;
else
return t.setValue(value);
} while (t != null);
}
Entry<K,V> e = new Entry<>(key, value, parent);
if (cmp < 0)
parent.left = e;
else
parent.right = e;
fixAfterInsertion(e);
size++;
modCount++;
return null;
}
删除
public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
if (p == null)
return null;
V oldValue = p.value;
deleteEntry(p);
return oldValue;
}
HashTable
HashTable是继承Dictionary类,基于Entry实现的;
put方法不允许null值,如果发现是null,则直接抛出异常。
Hashtable通过synchronized修饰方法 来保证线程安全
线程安全
public class Hashtable<K,V>
extends Dictionary<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
public Hashtable() {
this(11, 0.75f);
}
新增:
public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
// Make sure the value is not null
if (value == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
// Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Entry<K,V> entry = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
for(; entry != null ; entry = entry.next) {
if ((entry.hash == hash) && entry.key.equals(key)) {
V old = entry.value;
entry.value = value;
return old;
}
}
addEntry(hash, key, value, index);
return null;
}
删除
public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
Entry<?,?> tab[] = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)tab[index];
for(Entry<K,V> prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
modCount++;
if (prev != null) {
prev.next = e.next;
} else {
tab[index] = e.next;
}
count--;
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = null;
return oldValue;
}
}
return null;
}
LinkedHashMap
LinkedHashMap是继承于HashMap,是基于HashMap和双向链表来实现的。
HashMap无序;LinkedHashMap有序,可分为插入顺序和访问顺序两种。
如果是访问顺序,那put和get操作已存在的Entry时,都会把Entry移动到双向链表的表尾(其实是先删除再插入)。
线程不安全的
public class LinkedHashMap<K,V>
extends HashMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>
ConcurrentHashMap
ConcurrentHashMap
底层使用 Node数组+链表+ 红黑树
使用的是优化的synchronized 关键字同步代码块 和 cas操作了维护并发(jdk1.8版本,1.7版本使用的是分段锁)。
public class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements ConcurrentMap<K,V>, Serializable
新增:
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(key, value, false);
}
/** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
tab = initTable();
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
break; // no lock when adding to empty bin
}
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
if (fh >= 0) {
binCount = 1;
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
oldVal = e.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
e.val = value;
break;
}
Node<K,V> pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null) {
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
break;
}
}
}
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
Node<K,V> p;
binCount = 2;
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) {
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
p.val = value;
}
}
}
}
if (binCount != 0) {
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null)
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}
删除:
public V remove(Object key) {
return replaceNode(key, null, null);
}
/**
* Implementation for the four public remove/replace methods:
* Replaces node value with v, conditional upon match of cv if
* non-null. If resulting value is null, delete.
*/
final V replaceNode(Object key, V value, Object cv) {
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
(f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null)
break;
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
boolean validated = false;
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
if (fh >= 0) {
validated = true;
for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;;) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
V ev = e.val;
if (cv == null || cv == ev ||
(ev != null && cv.equals(ev))) {
oldVal = ev;
if (value != null)
e.val = value;
else if (pred != null)
pred.next = e.next;
else
setTabAt(tab, i, e.next);
}
break;
}
pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null)
break;
}
}
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
validated = true;
TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
if ((r = t.root) != null &&
(p = r.findTreeNode(hash, key, null)) != null) {
V pv = p.val;
if (cv == null || cv == pv ||
(pv != null && cv.equals(pv))) {
oldVal = pv;
if (value != null)
p.val = value;
else if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
}
}
}
}
}
if (validated) {
if (oldVal != null) {
if (value == null)
addCount(-1L, -1);
return oldVal;
}
break;
}
}
}
return null;
}