Angel's Journey（圆外一点到圆上一点的距离，不经过圆内）

 

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
const double pi=acos(-1.0);
double rx,ry,r,x,y;
double s;
double len1(double a,double b,double c,double d)
{
    return sqrt((a-c)*(a-c)+(b-d)*(b-d));
}
double len2(double a,double b,double c,double d,double rr)
{
    return sqrt((a-c)*(a-c)+(b-d)*(b-d)-rr*rr);
}
double jd(double k)
{
    return asin(k)*180/pi;
}
int main()
{
    int T;scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--)
    {
        scanf("%lf %lf %lf %lf %lf",&rx,&ry,&r,&x,&y);
        s=0;
        if(x<=rx-r)
        {
            s=pi*r/2+len1(x,y,rx-r,ry);
        }
        else if(x>=rx+r)
        {
            s=pi*r/2+len1(x,y,rx+r,ry);
        }
        else
        {
            double d1,d2,d3,sina,sinb,a,b;
            d1=len1(x,y,rx,ry);
            d2=len2(x,y,rx,ry,r);
            d3=len1(x,y,x,ry);
            sina=d2/d1;
            sinb=d3/d1;
            s=d2+(jd(sinb)-jd(sina))*pi*r/180+pi*r/2;
        }

        printf("%.4f\n",s);
    }
    return 0;
}

记一条数学公式 

求角度

sina=对面/斜边；

角度=asin(sina)*180/pi;

弧长度=角度*pi*r/180；