1为什么使用线程池:
(1)当大量执行异步任务时线程池可以提供更好的性能,在不使用线程池时,每当需要执行任务时需要new一个线程来运行,而线程的创建和销毁都需要一定开销
(2)线程池提供了一种资源控制和管理的手段,比如控制线程个数,动态增加线程等。
2类图介绍:
Executors是一个工具类,里面提供了很多静态方法,我们可以根据不同的需求选取不同的线程池实例,具体如图所示:
下面我们来看看ThreadPoolExecutor的源码,主要了解一些关键的属性:
//一个原子变量,用来记录线程池状态和线程池中线程的个数
private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));
/*这里仔细解释,假设Integer类型是32位二进制表示,其中高三位表示线程池状态
,后面29位用来记录线程池中线程的个数*/
private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;
//表示线程的最大个数,往左移29位
private static final int CAPACITY = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;
// 表示不同的线程池状态,数字越大越不活泼
//池线程接收新任务并处理阻塞队列里的任务
private static final int RUNNING = -1 << COUNT_BITS;
//线程池拒绝新任务但是执行阻塞队列里的任务
private static final int SHUTDOWN = 0 << COUNT_BITS;
//线程池拒绝新任务并且抛弃阻塞队列里的任务
private static final int STOP = 1 << COUNT_BITS;
//所有任务都执行完后当前线程个数为0
private static final int TIDYING = 2 << COUNT_BITS;
//线程池什么都不做
private static final int TERMINATED = 3 << COUNT_BITS;
//线程池是否处于Running状态
private static boolean isRunning(int c) {
return c < SHUTDOWN;
}
//同步阻塞队列
private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue;
private int largestPoolSize;
private long completedTaskCount;
//创建线程的工厂
private volatile ThreadFactory threadFactory;
//饱和策略,当队列满并且线程个数达到maximumPoolSize后采取的celve
private volatile RejectedExecutionHandler handler;
//线程池核心线程个数
private volatile int corePoolSize;
//线程池最大线程数量
private volatile int maximumPoolSize;
线程池采用了一个很巧妙地设计,使用Integer原子变量来记录线程池状态和线程池中的线程个数,线程池中有一个内部类Worker,他继承了AQS,实现了不可重入独占锁:
private final class Workerextends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer implements Runnable{
final Thread thread;
/** Initial task to run. Possibly null. */
Runnable firstTask;
/** Per-thread task counter */
volatile long completedTasks;
Worker(Runnable firstTask) {
setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker
this.firstTask = firstTask;
this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);
}
/** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker */
public void run() {
runWorker(this);
}
protected boolean isHeldExclusively() {
return getState() != 0;
}
protected boolean tryAcquire(int unused) {
if (compareAndSetState(0, 1)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
return true;
}
return false;
}
protected boolean tryRelease(int unused) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
setState(0);
return true;
}
public void lock() { acquire(1); }
public boolean tryLock() { return tryAcquire(1); }
public void unlock() { release(1); }
public boolean isLocked() { return isHeldExclusively(); }
void interruptIfStarted() {
Thread t;
if (getState() >= 0 && (t = thread) != null && !t.isInterrupted()) {
try {
t.interrupt();
} catch (SecurityException ignore) {
}
}
}
}
下面我们来看看线程的执行方法execute():
public void execute(Runnable command) {
//如果任务为空,抛出异常
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
//获取当前的线程池状态和线程个数
int c = ctl.get();
//如果当前线程池中的线程个数小于corePoolSize,则开启新线程运行
if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
if (addWorker(command, true))
return;
c = ctl.get();
}
//如果线程池处于Running状态,则添加任务到阻塞队列
if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
//进行二次检查
int recheck = ctl.get();
//如果当前线程状态不是Running,则移除任务,并且执行拒绝策略
if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);
//如果当前线程池为空,则添加一个线程
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}
//如果队列满,则新增线程,如果增加失败则执行拒绝策略
else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
这段代码我在注释里面解释的比较详细了,这里解释一下为什么要进行二次校检,这是因为添加新任务后,线程池状态可能已经发生了变化,所有有必要进行二次检查,下面我们来看看addWorker()方法:
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
retry:
for (;;) {
int c = ctl.get();
int rs = runStateOf(c);
//检查是否满足条件,这个地方我有点没看懂,但有一个条件是如果线程池状态为SHUTDOWN并
//且任务队列为空则返回false
if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&
! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&
firstTask == null &&
! workQueue.isEmpty()))
return false;
//CAS自旋增加线程个数
for (;;) {
//获取线程的个数
int wc = workerCountOf(c);
//如果线程个数超过容量则返回false
if (wc >= CAPACITY ||
wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))
return false;
采用CAS增加线程个数
if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))
break retry;
重新读取线程状态和线程个数
c = ctl.get();
//查看线程池状态是否变
if (runStateOf(c) != rs)
continue retry;
// else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop
}
}
boolean workerStarted = false;
boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;
try {
w = new Worker(firstTask);
final Thread t = w.thread;
if (t != null) {
//创建独占锁
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
//进行加锁
mainLock.lock();
try {
int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());
if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
(rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
if (t.isAlive())
//添加任务线程
workers.add(w);
int s = workers.size();
if (s > largestPoolSize)
largestPoolSize = s;
workerAdded = true;
}
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
//添加成功后启动任务
if (workerAdded) {
t.start();
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {
if (! workerStarted)
addWorkerFailed(w);
}
return workerStarted;
}
这段代码主要进行了两部分工作:第一通过循环CAS操作增加线程的数目,第二通过加锁将人物添加到workers队列中,并且启动任务执行,addWorler()方法主要完成这两部分工作;到这里线程池的大体执行过程已经讲解完成了,当然这个类里面还有许多其它的细节,我也只能讲出自己理解的一部分,以后有时间继续学习!