https://blog.csdn.net/huanxianglove/article/details/90247994
https://blog.csdn.net/youanyyou/article/details/106464291
参考上面两篇文章，研究一下jdk8的默认垃圾回收器是哪种。
Windows和Linux好像有点不一样，亦或是它会根据CPU的核心数自动选择合适的垃圾回收器，暂时先放着，如果有研究的，麻烦留言告知，谢谢。
选择器的选择可以参考：https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/vm/gctuning/collectors.html#sthref28
Selecting a Collector
Unless your application has rather strict pause time requirements, first run your application and allow the VM to select a collector. If necessary, adjust the heap size to improve performance. If the performance still does not meet your goals, then use the following guidelines as a starting point for selecting a collector.
If the application has a small data set (up to approximately 100 MB), then
select the serial collector with the option
-XX:+UseSerialGC.If the application will be run on a single processor and there are no pause time requirements, then let the VM select the collector, or select the serial collector with the option
-XX:+UseSerialGC.If (a) peak application performance is the first priority and (b) there are no pause time requirements or pauses of 1 second or longer are acceptable, then let the VM select the collector, or select the parallel collector with
-XX:+UseParallelGC.If response time is more important than overall throughput and garbage collection pauses must be kept shorter than approximately 1 second, then select the concurrent collector with
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGCor-XX:+UseG1GC.These guidelines provide only a starting point for selecting a collector because performance is dependent on the size of the heap, the amount of live data maintained by the application, and the number and speed of available processors. Pause times are particularly sensitive to these factors, so the threshold of 1 second mentioned previously is only approximate: the parallel collector will experience pause times longer than 1 second on many data size and hardware combinations; conversely, the concurrent collector may not be able to keep pauses shorter than 1 second on some combinations.
If the recommended collector does not achieve the desired performance, first attempt to adjust the heap and generation sizes to meet the desired goals. If performance is still inadequate, then try a different collector: use the concurrent collector to reduce pause times and use the parallel collector to increase overall throughput on multiprocessor hardware.
翻译为：
选择收集器
除非您的应用程序有非常严格的暂停时间要求，否则请先运行您的应用程序并允许VM选择收集器。如有必要，请调整堆大小以提高性能。如果性能仍然不能达到您的目标，请使用以下准则作为选择收集器的起点。
如果应用程序的数据集较小（最大约100 MB），则
使用选项选择串行收集器
-XX:+UseSerialGC。如果应用程序将在单个处理器上运行，并且没有暂停时间要求，则让VM选择收集器，或使用选项选择串行收集器
-XX:+UseSerialGC。如果（a）峰值应用程序性能是第一要务，并且（b）没有暂停时间要求或不超过1秒的暂停时间是可接受的，则让VM选择收集器，或使用选择并行收集器
-XX:+UseParallelGC。如果响应时间比整体吞吐量更重要，并且垃圾收集暂停时间必须保持小于1秒，那么请使用
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC或选择并发收集器-XX:+UseG1GC。这些准则仅提供选择收集器的起点，因为性能取决于堆的大小，应用程序维护的实时数据量以及可用处理器的数量和速度。暂停时间对这些因素特别敏感，因此前面提到的1秒阈值仅是近似值：在许多数据大小和硬件组合上，并行收集器的暂停时间将超过1秒。相反，在某些组合上，并发收集器可能无法将暂停时间保持在1秒以内。
如果推荐的收集器未达到所需的性能，请首先尝试调整堆和生成大小以达到所需的目标。如果性能仍然不足，请尝试使用其他收集器：使用并发收集器减少暂停时间，并使用并行收集器增加多处理器硬件的总体吞吐量。
Windows下多CPU
查看默认配置
java -XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags -version
-XX:InitialHeapSize=267026304 -XX:MaxHeapSize=4272420864 -XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags -XX:+UseCompressedClassPointers -XX:+UseCompressedOops -XX:-UseLargePagesIndividualAllocation -XX:+UseParallelGC
java version "1.8.0_144"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_144-b01)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.144-b01, mixed mode)
为了方便观察，我们整理下：
-XX:InitialHeapSize=267026304
-XX:MaxHeapSize=4272420864
-XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags
-XX:+UseCompressedClassPointers
-XX:+UseCompressedOops
-XX:-UseLargePagesIndividualAllocation
-XX:+UseParallelGC
从最后一项我们可以发现，使用的是ParallelGC。
PrintGCDetails
C:\Users\Administrator>java -XX:+PrintGCDetails -version
java version "1.8.0_144"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_144-b01)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.144-b01, mixed mode)
Heap
PSYoungGen total 76288K, used 3932K [0x000000076b180000, 0x0000000770680000, 0x00000007c0000000)
eden space 65536K, 6% used [0x000000076b180000,0x000000076b557240,0x000000076f180000)
from space 10752K, 0% used [0x000000076fc00000,0x000000076fc00000,0x0000000770680000)
to space 10752K, 0% used [0x000000076f180000,0x000000076f180000,0x000000076fc00000)
ParOldGen total 175104K, used 0K [0x00000006c1400000, 0x00000006cbf00000, 0x000000076b180000)
object space 175104K, 0% used [0x00000006c1400000,0x00000006c1400000,0x00000006cbf00000)
Metaspace used 2394K, capacity 4480K, committed 4480K, reserved 1056768K
class space used 261K, capacity 384K, committed 384K, reserved 1048576K
直接使用 java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal 是能看到启用状态的
因为这个命令会打印太多启动信息，我们直接查看GC相关的内容：
C:\Users\Administrator>java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal | find "GC"
uintx AdaptiveSizeMajorGCDecayTimeScale = 10 {product}
uintx AutoGCSelectPauseMillis = 5000 {product}
bool BindGCTaskThreadsToCPUs = false {product}
uintx CMSFullGCsBeforeCompaction = 0 {product}
uintx ConcGCThreads = 0 {product}
bool DisableExplicitGC = false {product}
bool ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent = false {product}
bool ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrentAndUnloadsClasses = false {product}
uintx G1MixedGCCountTarget = 8 {product}
uintx GCDrainStackTargetSize = 64 {product}
uintx GCHeapFreeLimit = 2 {product}
uintx GCLockerEdenExpansionPercent = 5 {product}
bool GCLockerInvokesConcurrent = false {product}
uintx GCLogFileSize = 8192 {product}
uintx GCPauseIntervalMillis = 0 {product}
uintx GCTaskTimeStampEntries = 200 {product}
uintx GCTimeLimit = 98 {product}
uintx GCTimeRatio = 99 {product}
bool HeapDumpAfterFullGC = false {manageable}
bool HeapDumpBeforeFullGC = false {manageable}
uintx HeapSizePerGCThread = 87241520 {product}
uintx MaxGCMinorPauseMillis = 4294967295 {product}
uintx MaxGCPauseMillis = 4294967295 {product}
uintx NumberOfGCLogFiles = 0 {product}
intx ParGCArrayScanChunk = 50 {product}
uintx ParGCDesiredObjsFromOverflowList = 20 {product}
bool ParGCTrimOverflow = true {product}
bool ParGCUseLocalOverflow = false {product}
uintx ParallelGCBufferWastePct = 10 {product}
uintx ParallelGCThreads = 8 {product}
bool ParallelGCVerbose = false {product}
bool PrintClassHistogramAfterFullGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintClassHistogramBeforeFullGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCApplicationConcurrentTime = false {product}
bool PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime = false {product}
bool PrintGCCause = true {product}
bool PrintGCDateStamps = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCDetails = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCID = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCTaskTimeStamps = false {product}
bool PrintGCTimeStamps = false {manageable}
bool PrintHeapAtGC = false {product rw}
bool PrintHeapAtGCExtended = false {product rw}
bool PrintJNIGCStalls = false {product}
bool PrintParallelOldGCPhaseTimes = false {product}
bool PrintReferenceGC = false {product}
bool ScavengeBeforeFullGC = true {product}
bool TraceDynamicGCThreads = false {product}
bool TraceParallelOldGCTasks = false {product}
bool UseAdaptiveGCBoundary = false {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizeDecayMajorGCCost = true {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizePolicyWithSystemGC = false {product}
bool UseAutoGCSelectPolicy = false {product}
bool UseConcMarkSweepGC = false {product}
bool UseDynamicNumberOfGCThreads = false {product}
bool UseG1GC = false {product}
bool UseGCLogFileRotation = false {product}
bool UseGCOverheadLimit = true {product}
bool UseGCTaskAffinity = false {product}
bool UseMaximumCompactionOnSystemGC = true {product}
bool UseParNewGC = false {product}
bool UseParallelGC := true {product}
bool UseParallelOldGC = true {product}
bool UseSerialGC = false {product}
再筛选出为true的值：
C:\Users\Administrator>java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal | find "GC" | find "true"
bool ParGCTrimOverflow = true {product}
bool PrintGCCause = true {product}
bool ScavengeBeforeFullGC = true {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizeDecayMajorGCCost = true {product}
bool UseGCOverheadLimit = true {product}
bool UseMaximumCompactionOnSystemGC = true {product}
bool UseParallelGC := true {product}
bool UseParallelOldGC = true {product}
Windows下测试
运行一个简单的Javaweb程序
运行一个简单的Javaweb程序，让它挂着。我这里使用的是springboot-web的hello程序：
$ java -jar spring-boot-hello-1.0.jar
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v2.2.2.RELEASE)
2020-08-28 22:20:18.638 INFO 13020 --- [ main] com.neo.HelloApplication : Starting HelloApplication v1.0 on MECHREV with PID 13020
(H:\spring-boot-hello\target\spring-boot-hello-1.0.jar started by Administrator in H:\spring-boot-hello\target)
2020-08-28 22:20:18.641 INFO 13020 --- [ main] com.neo.HelloApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2020-08-28 22:20:20.096 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2020-08-28 22:20:20.108 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat]
2020-08-28 22:20:20.108 INFO 13020 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.29]
2020-08-28 22:20:20.183 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2020-08-28 22:20:20.183 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 1487 ms
2020-08-28 22:20:20.347 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor : Initializing ExecutorService 'applicationTaskExecutor'
2020-08-28 22:20:20.541 INFO 13020 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2020-08-28 22:20:20.544 INFO 13020 --- [ main] com.neo.HelloApplication : Started HelloApplication in 2.266 seconds (JVM running for 2.703)
查看该程序的线程号
C:\Users\Administrator>netstat -ano | find "8080"
TCP 0.0.0.0:8080 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 8592
TCP [::]:8080 [::]:0 LISTENING 8592
查看该线程对应的堆空间
C:\Users\Administrator>jmap -heap 8592
Attaching to process ID 8592, please wait...
Debugger attached successfully.
Server compiler detected.
JVM version is 25.144-b01
using thread-local object allocation.
Parallel GC with 8 thread(s)
Heap Configuration:
MinHeapFreeRatio = 0
MaxHeapFreeRatio = 100
MaxHeapSize = 4273995776 (4076.0MB)
NewSize = 89128960 (85.0MB)
MaxNewSize = 1424490496 (1358.5MB)
OldSize = 179306496 (171.0MB)
NewRatio = 2
SurvivorRatio = 8
MetaspaceSize = 21807104 (20.796875MB)
CompressedClassSpaceSize = 1073741824 (1024.0MB)
MaxMetaspaceSize = 17592186044415 MB
G1HeapRegionSize = 0 (0.0MB)
Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
capacity = 240648192 (229.5MB)
used = 100345168 (95.69660949707031MB)
free = 140303024 (133.8033905029297MB)
41.69786906190428% used
From Space:
capacity = 3670016 (3.5MB)
used = 3625024 (3.45709228515625MB)
free = 44992 (0.04290771484375MB)
98.77406529017857% used
To Space:
capacity = 6815744 (6.5MB)
used = 0 (0.0MB)
free = 6815744 (6.5MB)
0.0% used
PS Old Generation
capacity = 84410368 (80.5MB)
used = 5499480 (5.244712829589844MB)
free = 78910888 (75.25528717041016MB)
6.515171216881794% used
12469 interned Strings occupying 1113616 bytes.
可以看出这里使用的是Parallel GC。
Linux的单CPU情况下
root@iZbp1bwfwyz4twpsnqia:~# java -XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags -version
-XX:InitialHeapSize=32768000 -XX:MaxHeapSize=524288000 -XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags -XX:+UseCompressedClassPointers -XX:+UseCompressedOops
java version "1.8.0_131"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b11)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.131-b11, mixed mode)
root@iZbp1bwfwyz4twpsnqia:~# java -XX:+PrintGCDetails -version
java version "1.8.0_131"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b11)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.131-b11, mixed mode)
Heap
def new generation total 9792K, used 522K [0x00000000e0c00000, 0x00000000e16a0000, 0x00000000eb2a0000)
eden space 8704K, 6% used [0x00000000e0c00000, 0x00000000e0c82ae0, 0x00000000e1480000)
from space 1088K, 0% used [0x00000000e1480000, 0x00000000e1480000, 0x00000000e1590000)
to space 1088K, 0% used [0x00000000e1590000, 0x00000000e1590000, 0x00000000e16a0000)
tenured generation total 21888K, used 0K [0x00000000eb2a0000, 0x00000000ec800000, 0x0000000100000000)
the space 21888K, 0% used [0x00000000eb2a0000, 0x00000000eb2a0000, 0x00000000eb2a0200, 0x00000000ec800000)
Metaspace used 2225K, capacity 4480K, committed 4480K, reserved 1056768K
class space used 243K, capacity 384K, committed 384K, reserved 1048576K
打印日志：
root@iZbp1bwfwyz4twpsnqia:~# java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal | grep GC
uintx AdaptiveSizeMajorGCDecayTimeScale = 10 {product}
uintx AutoGCSelectPauseMillis = 5000 {product}
bool BindGCTaskThreadsToCPUs = false {product}
uintx CMSFullGCsBeforeCompaction = 0 {product}
uintx ConcGCThreads = 0 {product}
bool DisableExplicitGC = false {product}
bool ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent = false {product}
bool ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrentAndUnloadsClasses = false {product}
uintx G1MixedGCCountTarget = 8 {product}
uintx GCDrainStackTargetSize = 64 {product}
uintx GCHeapFreeLimit = 2 {product}
uintx GCLockerEdenExpansionPercent = 5 {product}
bool GCLockerInvokesConcurrent = false {product}
uintx GCLogFileSize = 8192 {product}
uintx GCPauseIntervalMillis = 0 {product}
uintx GCTaskTimeStampEntries = 200 {product}
uintx GCTimeLimit = 98 {product}
uintx GCTimeRatio = 99 {product}
bool HeapDumpAfterFullGC = false {manageable}
bool HeapDumpBeforeFullGC = false {manageable}
uintx HeapSizePerGCThread = 87241520 {product}
uintx MaxGCMinorPauseMillis = 18446744073709551615 {product}
uintx MaxGCPauseMillis = 18446744073709551615 {product}
uintx NumberOfGCLogFiles = 0 {product}
intx ParGCArrayScanChunk = 50 {product}
uintx ParGCDesiredObjsFromOverflowList = 20 {product}
bool ParGCTrimOverflow = true {product}
bool ParGCUseLocalOverflow = false {product}
uintx ParallelGCBufferWastePct = 10 {product}
uintx ParallelGCThreads = 0 {product}
bool ParallelGCVerbose = false {product}
bool PrintClassHistogramAfterFullGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintClassHistogramBeforeFullGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintGC = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCApplicationConcurrentTime = false {product}
bool PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime = false {product}
bool PrintGCCause = true {product}
bool PrintGCDateStamps = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCDetails = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCID = false {manageable}
bool PrintGCTaskTimeStamps = false {product}
bool PrintGCTimeStamps = false {manageable}
bool PrintHeapAtGC = false {product rw}
bool PrintHeapAtGCExtended = false {product rw}
bool PrintJNIGCStalls = false {product}
bool PrintParallelOldGCPhaseTimes = false {product}
bool PrintReferenceGC = false {product}
bool ScavengeBeforeFullGC = true {product}
bool TraceDynamicGCThreads = false {product}
bool TraceParallelOldGCTasks = false {product}
bool UseAdaptiveGCBoundary = false {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizeDecayMajorGCCost = true {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizePolicyWithSystemGC = false {product}
bool UseAutoGCSelectPolicy = false {product}
bool UseConcMarkSweepGC = false {product}
bool UseDynamicNumberOfGCThreads = false {product}
bool UseG1GC = false {product}
bool UseGCLogFileRotation = false {product}
bool UseGCOverheadLimit = true {product}
bool UseGCTaskAffinity = false {product}
bool UseMaximumCompactionOnSystemGC = true {product}
bool UseParNewGC = false {product}
bool UseParallelGC = false {product}
bool UseParallelOldGC = false {product}
bool UseSerialGC = false {product}
root@iZbp1bwfwyz4twpsnqia:~# java -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal | grep GC | grep true
bool ParGCTrimOverflow = true {product}
bool PrintGCCause = true {product}
bool ScavengeBeforeFullGC = true {product}
bool UseAdaptiveSizeDecayMajorGCCost = true {product}
bool UseGCOverheadLimit = true {product}
bool UseMaximumCompactionOnSystemGC = true {product}
查看某个线上数目的堆情况：
root@iZbp1bwfwyz4twpsnqia:/www/wwwlogs# jmap -heap 13467
Attaching to process ID 13467, please wait...
Debugger attached successfully.
Server compiler detected.
JVM version is 25.131-b11
using thread-local object allocation.
Mark Sweep Compact GC
Heap Configuration:
MinHeapFreeRatio = 40
MaxHeapFreeRatio = 70
MaxHeapSize = 524288000 (500.0MB)
NewSize = 11141120 (10.625MB)
MaxNewSize = 174718976 (166.625MB)
OldSize = 22413312 (21.375MB)
NewRatio = 2
SurvivorRatio = 8
MetaspaceSize = 21807104 (20.796875MB)
CompressedClassSpaceSize = 1073741824 (1024.0MB)
MaxMetaspaceSize = 17592186044415 MB
G1HeapRegionSize = 0 (0.0MB)
Heap Usage:
New Generation (Eden + 1 Survivor Space):
capacity = 55050240 (52.5MB)
used = 3517400 (3.3544540405273438MB)
free = 51532840 (49.145545959472656MB)
6.389436267671131% used
Eden Space:
capacity = 48955392 (46.6875MB)
used = 2933888 (2.7979736328125MB)
free = 46021504 (43.8895263671875MB)
5.99298234605087% used
From Space:
capacity = 6094848 (5.8125MB)
used = 583512 (0.5564804077148438MB)
free = 5511336 (5.256019592285156MB)
9.573856476814516% used
To Space:
capacity = 6094848 (5.8125MB)
used = 0 (0.0MB)
free = 6094848 (5.8125MB)
0.0% used
tenured generation:
capacity = 122265600 (116.6015625MB)
used = 106832296 (101.88321685791016MB)
free = 15433304 (14.718345642089844MB)
87.37723120812396% used
23444 interned Strings occupying 2894352 bytes.
我们可以看到这里使用的是Mark Sweep Compact GC，即标记清除压缩。
标记-清除-压缩（Mark-Sweep-Compat）：多次GC后才压缩（是标记清除和标记整理算法的结合。但不算在GC四大算法（标记清除算法、标记整理（压缩）算法、复制算法、分代回收算法）中）。
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