Python学习笔记27-元类、元类实现ORM

1.类也是对象

类本身是用来创建对象的，但同时类自己也是对象，由元类创建的对象

2.创建类的方法：

（1）正常创建类的方法：

class TestA(object):
	num1=100
	num2=200
	def testA():
		pass

用help查看TestA类

(2)使用type方法创建类

def testB():
		pass
#type(类名, 由父类名称组成的元组（针对继承的情况，可以为空），包含属性的字典（名称和值）) 
Test2 = type("TestB",(object,),{"num1":100,"num2":200,"testB":testB})

用help查看TestA类

3.元类：用来创建类（对象）的，元类就是类的类；type就是Python在背后用来创建所有类的元类

4.利用元类创建类的特点：修改已经创建好的类的属性而不用修改到原来类的的东西

5.ORM（“Object Relational Mapping”，即对象-关系映射）：python编程语言后端web框架 Django的核心思想。

1）Django的demo：通过调用对象来执行SQL语句，即对象关系映射的思想。

对应如下sql语句：

insert into User (username,email,password,uid) values ('Michael','test@orm.org','my-pwd',12345)

2） 通过元类简单实现ORM中的insert功能

class ModelMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        mappings = dict()
        # 判断是否需要保存
        for k, v in attrs.items():
            # 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象
            if isinstance(v, tuple):
                print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = v       
        # 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字
        attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings  # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        attrs['__table__'] = name  # 假设表名和类名一致
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)


class User(metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
    uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")
    name = ('username', "varchar(30)")
    email = ('email', "varchar(30)")
    password = ('password', "varchar(30)")
    # 当指定元类之后，以上的类属性将不在类中，而是在__mappings__属性指定的字典中存储
    # 以上User类中有 
    # __mappings__ = {
    #     "uid": ('uid', "int unsigned")
    #     "name": ('username', "varchar(30)")
    #     "email": ('email', "varchar(30)")
    #     "password": ('password', "varchar(30)")
    # }
    # __table__ = "User"
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        for name, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, name, value)

    def save(self):
        fields = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(v[0])
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))

        args_temp = list()
        for temp in args:
            # 判断入如果是数字类型
            if isinstance(temp, int):
                args_temp.append(str(temp))
            elif isinstance(temp, str):
                args_temp.append("""'%s'""" % temp)
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(args_temp))
        print('SQL: %s' % sql)


u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# print(u.__dict__)
u.save()

3）抽取到基类中

class ModelMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        mappings = dict()
        # 判断是否需要保存
        for k, v in attrs.items():
            # 判断是否是指定的StringField或者IntegerField的实例对象
            if isinstance(v, tuple):
                print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = v
                
        # 将之前的uid/name/email/password以及对应的对象引用、类名字
        attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings  # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        attrs['__table__'] = name  # 假设表名和类名一致
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)


class Model(object, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        for name, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, name, value)

    def save(self):
        fields = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(v[0])
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))

        args_temp = list()
        for temp in args:
            # 判断入如果是数字类型
            if isinstance(temp, int):
                args_temp.append(str(temp))
            elif isinstance(temp, str):
                args_temp.append("""'%s'""" % temp)
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(args_temp))
        print('SQL: %s' % sql)


class User(Model):
    uid = ('uid', "int unsigned")
    name = ('username', "varchar(30)")
    email = ('email', "varchar(30)")
    password = ('password', "varchar(30)")


u = User(uid=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# print(u.__dict__)
u.save()