C++中的重要知识点，并附带简单的例程说明

 

1. 类和对象：
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Circle {
public:
  double radius;

  double getArea() {
    return 3.14 * radius * radius;
  }
};

int main() {
  Circle myCircle;
  myCircle.radius = 5;

  double area = myCircle.getArea();
  cout << "圆的面积为：" << area << endl;

  return 0;
}
```

2. 继承和多态：
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
  virtual void draw() {
    cout << "绘制图形" << endl;
  }
};

class Circle : public Shape {
public:
  void draw() {
    cout << "绘制圆形" << endl;
  }
};

int main() {
  Shape* shape = new Circle();
  shape->draw();

  delete shape;

  return 0;
}
```

3. 异常处理：
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int divide(int a, int b) {
  if (b == 0) {
    throw "除数不能为零";
  }
  return a / b;
}

int main() {
  try {
    int result = divide(10, 0);
    cout << "结果为：" << result << endl;
  }
  catch (const char* msg) {
    cerr << "错误信息：" << msg << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}
```

4. STL容器和算法：
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int main() {
  vector<int> numbers = {5, 2, 8, 4, 1, 9};

  cout << "原始数组为：" << endl;
  for (int num : numbers) {
    cout << num << " ";
  }
  cout << endl;

  sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());

  cout << "排序后的数组为：" << endl;
  for (int num : numbers) {
    cout << num << " ";
  }
  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}
```

这些知识点包括类和对象、继承和多态、异常处理以及STL容器和算法。这些是C++中非常重要且常用的知识点，涵盖了面向对象编程、错误处理以及标准库的使用。它们是C++程序员在日常开发中经常会遇到的内容，并且对于理解和运用C++编程语言非常重要。