c++模板约束

模板编程的错误信息非常难读，例如下面例子

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
    T multiply(T first, T second)
{
        return first * second;
}

int main()
{
    std::cout << multiply(3, 5) << std::endl;
    std::cout << multiply("1", "2") << std::endl;
}

在倒数第二行，我们传入了错误的参数，他的报错是这样的

1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2296: '*': not valid as left operand has type 'T'
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2296:         with
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2296:         [
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2296:             T=const char *
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2296:         ]
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22):
1>the template instantiation context (the oldest one first) is
1>	E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(12,18):
1>	see reference to function template instantiation 'T *multiply<const char*>(T,T)' being compiled
1>        with
1>        [
1>            T=const char *
1>        ]
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2297: '*': not valid as right operand has type 'T'
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2297:         with
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2297:         [
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2297:             T=const char *
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(6,22): error C2297:         ]
1>Done building project "TestCpp.vcxproj" -- FAILED.
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

如果我们使用requires子句约束模板，错误信息可读性就会高很多，我们上面的程序改成这样：

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
requires std::integral<T> || std::floating_point<T>
    T multiply(T first, T second)
{
        return first * second;
}

int main()
{
    std::cout << multiply(3, 5) << std::endl;
    std::cout << multiply("1", "2") << std::endl;
}

这个时候不需要编译，ide已经提示我们输入了错了的参数，如果我们编译一下

1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(13,18): error C2672: 'multiply': no matching overloaded function found
1>E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(5,7):
1>could be 'T multiply(T,T)'
1>	E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(13,18):
1>	the associated constraints are not satisfied
1>		E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(4,10):
1>		the concept 'std::integral<const char*>' evaluated to false
1>			C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.39.33519\include\concepts(70,20):
1>			the constraint was not satisfied
1>		E:\codes\TestCpp\TestCpp\main.cpp(4,30):
1>		the concept 'std::floating_point<const char*>' evaluated to false
1>			C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.39.33519\include\concepts(79,26):
1>			the constraint was not satisfied
1>Done building project "TestCpp.vcxproj" -- FAILED.

错误信息简单了很多

如果我们对模板的约束很多，岂不是会有一个超级长的声明？
这个问题可以用concept解决！

template<typename T>
concept Numeric = std::integral<T> || std::floating_point<T>;

template <typename T>
requires Numeric<T>
    T multiply(T first, T second)
{
        return first * second;
}

更简单一点，直接写成

template<typename T>
concept Numeric = std::integral<T> || std::floating_point<T>;

template <Numeric T>
    T multiply(T first, T second)
{
        return first * second;
}

更简单一点，auto大法好！

template<typename T>
concept Numeric = std::integral<T> || std::floating_point<T>;

auto multiply(Numeric auto first, Numeric auto second)
{
        return first * second;
}