python中的collections模块

• collections是Python内建的一个集合模块，提供了许多有用的集合类，实现一些特定的数据类型，可以替代Python中常用的内置数据类型如dict,list,set和tuple。

''''
This module implements specialized container datatypes providing
alternatives to Python's general purpose built-in containers, dict,
list, set, and tuple.
* namedtuple   factory function for creating tuple subclasses with named fields
* deque        list-like container with fast appends and pops on either end
* ChainMap     dict-like class for creating a single view of multiple mappings
* Counter      dict subclass for counting hashable objects
* OrderedDict  dict subclass that remembers the order entries were added
* defaultdict  dict subclass that calls a factory function to supply missing values
* UserDict     wrapper around dictionary objects for easier dict subclassing
* UserList     wrapper around list objects for easier list subclassing
* UserString   wrapper around string objects for easier string subclassing
''''

namedtuple

namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):

举个例子形象说明：
tuple元组可以表示不变集合，如原点的二维坐标可以表示成：a = (0, 0)
为了使我们看到（0，0）能知道它是一个坐标，我们可以用namedtuple：

from collections import namedtuple
Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
p = Point(0, 0)

namedtuple是一个函数，它用来创建一个自定义的tuple对象，并且规定了tuple元素的个数，同时可以用属性引用tuple的某个元素。
通过isinstance来验证创建的对象：

print(isinstance(p, Point))
print(isinstance(p, tuple))