用Go语言实现一个缓存器

Go语言的源码阅读

1、Cache的底层实现

package cache2go

import (
	"sync"
	"time"
)

// CacheItem is an individual cache item
// Parameter data contains the user-set value in the cache.
type CacheItem struct {
	sync.RWMutex

	// The item's key. 空interface(interface{})不包含任何的method，因此所有的类型都实现了空interface。
	// 空interface在我们需要存储任意类型的数值的时候相当有用，有点类似于C语言的void*类型。
	key interface{}
	// The item's data.
	data interface{}
	// How long will the item live in the cache when not being accessed/kept alive.
	lifeSpan time.Duration

	// Creation timestamp.
	createdOn time.Time
	// Last access timestamp.
	accessedOn time.Time
	// How often the item was accessed.
	accessCount int64

	// Callback method triggered right before removing the item from the cache
	aboutToExpire []func(key interface{})
}

// NewCacheItem returns a newly created CacheItem.
// Parameter key is the item's cache-key.
// Parameter lifeSpan determines after which time period without an access the item
// will get removed from the cache.
// Parameter data is the item's value.
func NewCacheItem(key interface{}, lifeSpan time.Duration, data interface{}) *CacheItem {
	t := time.Now()
	return &CacheItem{
		key:           key,
		lifeSpan:      lifeSpan,
		createdOn:     t,
		accessedOn:    t,
		accessCount:   0,
		aboutToExpire: nil,
		data:          data,
	}
}

// KeepAlive marks an item to be kept for another expireDuration period. 过期周期
func (item *CacheItem) KeepAlive() {
	item.Lock()
	defer item.Unlock()
	item.accessedOn = time.Now()
	item.accessCount++
}

// LifeSpan returns this item's expiration duration.  返回缓存项的过期时间
func (item *CacheItem) LifeSpan() time.Duration {
	// immutable
	return item.lifeSpan
}

// AccessedOn returns when this item was last accessed. 返回该项的最后访问时间
func (item *CacheItem) AccessedOn() time.Time {
	item.RLock()
	defer item.RUnlock()
	return item.accessedOn
}

// CreatedOn returns when this item was added to the cache.  返回该项的创建时间
func (item *CacheItem) CreatedOn() time.Time {
	// immutable
	return item.createdOn
}

// AccessCount returns how often this item has been accessed.  返回该项被访问的次数
func (item *CacheItem) AccessCount() int64 {
	item.RLock()
	defer item.RUnlock()
	return item.accessCount
}

// Key returns the key of this cached item.  返回该事项的key值
func (item *CacheItem) Key() interface{} {
	// immutable
	return item.key
}

// Data returns the value of this cached item.   返回该项的数据
func (item *CacheItem) Data() interface{} {
	// immutable
	return item.data
}

// SetAboutToExpireCallback configures a callback, which will be called right
// before the item is about to be removed from the cache.  设置回调函数， 该项被移除之前调用这个回调函数
func (item *CacheItem) SetAboutToExpireCallback(f func(interface{})) {
	if len(item.aboutToExpire) > 0 {
		//清空回调函数的队列
		item.RemoveAboutToExpireCallback()
	}
	item.Lock()
	defer item.Unlock()
	//然后追加一个回调函数到队列中
	item.aboutToExpire = append(item.aboutToExpire, f)
}

// AddAboutToExpireCallback appends a new callback to the AboutToExpire queue 
// 把一个回调函数放进回调函数的队列中
func (item *CacheItem) AddAboutToExpireCallback(f func(interface{})) {
	item.Lock()
	defer item.Unlock()
	item.aboutToExpire = append(item.aboutToExpire, f)
}

// RemoveAboutToExpireCallback empties the about to expire callback queue 清空回调函数的队列
func (item *CacheItem) RemoveAboutToExpireCallback() {
	item.Lock()
	defer item.Unlock()
	item.aboutToExpire = nil
}

源码分析点评： 经典的地方是使用了Go语言的空接口；

2、CacheTable的实现

package cache2go

import (
	"log"
	"sort"
	"sync"
	"time"
)

// CacheTable is a table within the cache
type CacheTable struct {
	//读写锁
	sync.RWMutex

	// The table's name. 表名
	name string
	// All cached items. 使用映射结构来保存缓存项
	items map[interface{}]*CacheItem

	// Timer responsible for triggering cleanup.为什么这里做成指针？
	cleanupTimer *time.Timer
	// Current timer duration. 持续时间，期间
	cleanupInterval time.Duration

	// The logger used for this table.  日志记录器  为什么使用指针？
	logger *log.Logger

	// Callback method triggered when trying to load a non-existing key.
	// 回调函数  当加载一个不存在的key时被触发
	loadData func(key interface{}, args ...interface{}) *CacheItem
	// Callback method triggered when adding a new item to the cache.
	// 回调函数，当一个新得数据项被加入进来时触发  函数数组
	addedItem []func(item *CacheItem)
	// Callback method triggered before deleting an item from the cache.
	// 回调函数，删除时被触发   函数数组
	aboutToDeleteItem []func(item *CacheItem)
}

// Count returns how many items are currently stored in the cache. 缓存中有多少项
func (table *CacheTable) Count() int {
	table.RLock()
	defer table.RUnlock()
	return len(table.items)
}

// Foreach all items  遍历所有的项  传入的是用户自己定义的函数
func (table *CacheTable) Foreach(trans func(key interface{}, item *CacheItem)) {
	table.RLock()
	defer table.RUnlock()

	for k, v := range table.items {
		trans(k, v)
	}
}

// SetDataLoader configures a data-loader callback, which will be called when
// trying to access a non-existing key. The key and 0...n additional arguments
// are passed to the callback function.
// 框架这样实现的
func (table *CacheTable) SetDataLoader(f func(interface{}, ...interface{}) *CacheItem) {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.loadData = f
}

// SetAddedItemCallback configures a callback, which will be called every time
// a new item is added to the cache.
func (table *CacheTable) SetAddedItemCallback(f func(*CacheItem)) {
	if len(table.addedItem) > 0 {
		table.RemoveAddedItemCallbacks()
	}
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.addedItem = append(table.addedItem, f)
}

//AddAddedItemCallback appends a new callback to the addedItem queue
//
func (table *CacheTable) AddAddedItemCallback(f func(*CacheItem)) {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.addedItem = append(table.addedItem, f)
}

// RemoveAddedItemCallbacks empties the added item callback queue 清空队列
func (table *CacheTable) RemoveAddedItemCallbacks() {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.addedItem = nil
}

// SetAboutToDeleteItemCallback configures a callback, which will be called
// every time an item is about to be removed from the cache.
// 从table中删除一个数据项时配置的回调函数
func (table *CacheTable) SetAboutToDeleteItemCallback(f func(*CacheItem)) {
	if len(table.aboutToDeleteItem) > 0 {
		table.RemoveAboutToDeleteItemCallback()
	}
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	//go语言内置的append函数，追加
	table.aboutToDeleteItem = append(table.aboutToDeleteItem, f)
}

// AddAboutToDeleteItemCallback appends a new callback to the AboutToDeleteItem queue
func (table *CacheTable) AddAboutToDeleteItemCallback(f func(*CacheItem)) {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.aboutToDeleteItem = append(table.aboutToDeleteItem, f)
}

// RemoveAboutToDeleteItemCallback empties the about to delete item callback queue
// 删除回调函数  --- 删除数据项时的回调函数
func (table *CacheTable) RemoveAboutToDeleteItemCallback() {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.aboutToDeleteItem = nil
}

// SetLogger sets the logger to be used by this cache table.
// 设置
func (table *CacheTable) SetLogger(logger *log.Logger) {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()
	table.logger = logger
}

// Expiration check loop, triggered by a self-adjusting timer.
func (table *CacheTable) expirationCheck() {
	table.Lock()
	if table.cleanupTimer != nil {
		table.cleanupTimer.Stop()
	}
	if table.cleanupInterval > 0 {
		table.log("Expiration check triggered after", table.cleanupInterval, "for table", table.name)
	} else {
		table.log("Expiration check installed for table", table.name)
	}

	// To be more accurate with timers, we would need to update 'now' on every
	// loop iteration. Not sure it's really efficient though.
	now := time.Now()
	smallestDuration := 0 * time.Second
	for key, item := range table.items {
		// Cache values so we don't keep blocking the mutex.
		item.RLock()
		lifeSpan := item.lifeSpan
		accessedOn := item.accessedOn
		item.RUnlock()

		if lifeSpan == 0 {
			continue
		}
		if now.Sub(accessedOn) >= lifeSpan {
			// Item has excessed its lifespan.
			table.deleteInternal(key)
		} else {
			// Find the item chronologically closest to its end-of-lifespan.
			if smallestDuration == 0 || lifeSpan-now.Sub(accessedOn) < smallestDuration {
				smallestDuration = lifeSpan - now.Sub(accessedOn)
			}
		}
	}

	// Setup the interval for the next cleanup run.
	table.cleanupInterval = smallestDuration
	if smallestDuration > 0 {
		table.cleanupTimer = time.AfterFunc(smallestDuration, func() {
			go table.expirationCheck()
		})
	}
	table.Unlock()
}

func (table *CacheTable) addInternal(item *CacheItem) {
	// Careful: do not run this method unless the table-mutex is locked!
	// It will unlock it for the caller before running the callbacks and checks
	table.log("Adding item with key", item.key, "and lifespan of", item.lifeSpan, "to table", table.name)
	table.items[item.key] = item

	// Cache values so we don't keep blocking the mutex.
	expDur := table.cleanupInterval
	addedItem := table.addedItem
	table.Unlock()

	// Trigger callback after adding an item to cache.
	if addedItem != nil {
		for _, callback := range addedItem {
			callback(item)
		}
	}

	// If we haven't set up any expiration check timer or found a more imminent item.
	if item.lifeSpan > 0 && (expDur == 0 || item.lifeSpan < expDur) {
		table.expirationCheck()
	}
}

// Add adds a key/value pair to the cache.
// Parameter key is the item's cache-key.
// Parameter lifeSpan determines after which time period without an access the item
// will get removed from the cache.
// Parameter data is the item's value.
func (table *CacheTable) Add(key interface{}, lifeSpan time.Duration, data interface{}) *CacheItem {
	item := NewCacheItem(key, lifeSpan, data)

	// Add item to cache.
	table.Lock()
	table.addInternal(item)

	return item
}

func (table *CacheTable) deleteInternal(key interface{}) (*CacheItem, error) {
	r, ok := table.items[key]
	if !ok {
		return nil, ErrKeyNotFound
	}

	// Cache value so we don't keep blocking the mutex.
	aboutToDeleteItem := table.aboutToDeleteItem
	table.Unlock()

	// Trigger callbacks before deleting an item from cache.
	if aboutToDeleteItem != nil {
		for _, callback := range aboutToDeleteItem {
			callback(r)
		}
	}

	r.RLock()
	defer r.RUnlock()
	if r.aboutToExpire != nil {
		for _, callback := range r.aboutToExpire {
			callback(key)
		}
	}

	table.Lock()
	table.log("Deleting item with key", key, "created on", r.createdOn, "and hit", r.accessCount, "times from table", table.name)
	delete(table.items, key)

	return r, nil
}

// Delete an item from the cache.
func (table *CacheTable) Delete(key interface{}) (*CacheItem, error) {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()

	return table.deleteInternal(key)
}

// Exists returns whether an item exists in the cache. Unlike the Value method
// Exists neither tries to fetch data via the loadData callback nor does it
// keep the item alive in the cache.
func (table *CacheTable) Exists(key interface{}) bool {
	table.RLock()
	defer table.RUnlock()
	_, ok := table.items[key]

	return ok
}

// NotFoundAdd checks whether an item is not yet cached. Unlike the Exists
// method this also adds data if the key could not be found.
func (table *CacheTable) NotFoundAdd(key interface{}, lifeSpan time.Duration, data interface{}) bool {
	table.Lock()

	if _, ok := table.items[key]; ok {
		table.Unlock()
		return false
	}

	item := NewCacheItem(key, lifeSpan, data)
	table.addInternal(item)

	return true
}

// Value returns an item from the cache and marks it to be kept alive. You can
// pass additional arguments to your DataLoader callback function.
func (table *CacheTable) Value(key interface{}, args ...interface{}) (*CacheItem, error) {
	table.RLock()
	r, ok := table.items[key]
	loadData := table.loadData
	table.RUnlock()

	if ok {
		// Update access counter and timestamp.
		r.KeepAlive()
		return r, nil
	}

	// Item doesn't exist in cache. Try and fetch it with a data-loader.
	if loadData != nil {
		item := loadData(key, args...)
		if item != nil {
			table.Add(key, item.lifeSpan, item.data)
			return item, nil
		}

		return nil, ErrKeyNotFoundOrLoadable
	}

	return nil, ErrKeyNotFound
}

// Flush deletes all items from this cache table.
func (table *CacheTable) Flush() {
	table.Lock()
	defer table.Unlock()

	table.log("Flushing table", table.name)

	table.items = make(map[interface{}]*CacheItem)
	table.cleanupInterval = 0
	if table.cleanupTimer != nil {
		table.cleanupTimer.Stop()
	}
}

// CacheItemPair maps key to access counter
type CacheItemPair struct {
	Key         interface{}
	AccessCount int64
}

// CacheItemPairList is a slice of CacheIemPairs that implements sort.
// Interface to sort by AccessCount.
type CacheItemPairList []CacheItemPair

func (p CacheItemPairList) Swap(i, j int)      { p[i], p[j] = p[j], p[i] }
func (p CacheItemPairList) Len() int           { return len(p) }
func (p CacheItemPairList) Less(i, j int) bool { return p[i].AccessCount > p[j].AccessCount }

// MostAccessed returns the most accessed items in this cache table
func (table *CacheTable) MostAccessed(count int64) []*CacheItem {
	table.RLock()
	defer table.RUnlock()

	p := make(CacheItemPairList, len(table.items))
	i := 0
	for k, v := range table.items {
		p[i] = CacheItemPair{k, v.accessCount}
		i++
	}
	sort.Sort(p)

	var r []*CacheItem
	c := int64(0)
	for _, v := range p {
		if c >= count {
			break
		}

		item, ok := table.items[v.Key]
		if ok {
			r = append(r, item)
		}
		c++
	}

	return r
}

// Internal logging method for convenience.
func (table *CacheTable) log(v ...interface{}) {
	if table.logger == nil {
		return
	}

	table.logger.Println(v...)
}

3、 Cache的实现

package cache2go

import (
	"sync"
)

var (
	//使用映射保存缓存的内容 内置的Make函数
	// 键是string 类型的， 值是*CacheTable 类型的
	cache = make(map[string]*CacheTable)
	//读写锁
	mutex sync.RWMutex
)

// Cache returns the existing cache table with given name or creates a new one
// if the table does not exist yet.
// func function_name( [parameter list] ) [return_types] {
//   函数体
//}
// func 函数定义的关键字  Cache函数名  （参数列表） 返回值对的类型
func Cache(table string) *CacheTable {
	mutex.RLock()
	//映射的性质
	t, ok := cache[table]
	mutex.RUnlock()

	if !ok { //如果不存在
		mutex.Lock()
		//测试映射里是不是存在 "table"这个这个key，并获取value , t 用来保存value
		// ok 用来表示这个键是否存在？
		t, ok = cache[table]
		// Double check whether the table exists or not.
		if !ok {
			t = &CacheTable{
				name:  table,
				//保存的项是Map类型的， 其键是空接口，可以使用规范内的任何类型
				//值是*CacheItem 类型的
				items: make(map[interface{}]*CacheItem),
			}
			//为映射赋值
			cache[table] = t
		}
		mutex.Unlock()
	}

	return t
}