drf之视图组件

两个视图基类APIView、GenericAPIView

1、APIView类：

APIView是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类，继承自Django的View父类。

APIView与View的不同之处在于：

• 传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request对象，而不是Django的HttpRequeset对象；
• 视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response对象，视图会为响应数据设置(render)符合前端要求的格式；
• 任何APIException异常都会被捕获到，并且处理成合适的响应信息；
• 在进行dispatch()分发前，会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制。

支持定义的属性

• authentication_classes 列表或元祖，身份认证类
• permissoin_classes 列表或元祖，权限检查类
• throttle_classes 列表或元祖，流量控制类

基于APIView类写的接口：

class BooksView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        book_list = Book.objects.all()
        book_ser = Bookserialisers(book_list, many=True)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def post(self, request):
        book_ser = Bookserialisers(data=request.data)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.data)
        else:
            return Response({'code': '101', 'msg': '添加失败', 'data': book_ser.errors})
class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        book_ser = Bookserialisers(book)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        book_ser = Bookserialisers(instance=book, data=request.data)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.data)
        else:
            return Response(book_ser.errors)

    def delete(self, request, pk):
        ret = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
        return Response({'status': 100, 'msg': '删除成功'})

2、GenericAPIView

(1)继承APIView类，加入了操作序列化器和数据库操作方法。基于GenericAPIView类的接口如下

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView

'''
属性
queryset：指明使用的数据查询集
serializer_class：指明当前视图函数使用的序列化器
方法：
get_queryset()：返回的是数据库查询结果集，一般数据查询结果有多条数据的时候使用该方法
get_object()：返回的是数据库查询结果(单条)，一般是查询结果数据只用一条的时候使用该方法。
get_serializer：返回序列化对象
'''
# GenericAPIView接口
class Books1View(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

    def get(self, request):
        #get_queryset()方法返回的是数据库查询结果集
        book = self.get_queryset()
        #返回序列化对象
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(book, many=True)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def post(self, request):
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.data)
        else:
            return Response({'msg': '添加失败'})
class Book1View(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

    def get(self, request, pk):
        #get_boject()返回的是数据库查询结果。
        book = self.get_object()
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(book)
        return Response(book_ser.data)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        book = self.get_object()
        book_ser = self.get_serializer(instance=book, data=request.data)
        if book_ser.is_valid():
            book_ser.save()
            return Response(book_ser.data)
        else:
            return Response(book_ser.errors)

    def delete(self, request, pk):
        book = self.get_object().delete()
        return Response({'msg': '删除成功'})

基于GenericAPIView类的五个视图扩展类

from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin, CreateModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin
from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateAPIView,RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView,RetrieveDestroyAPIView

这五个类将5个接口分别进行了封装

类名	方法(需要传参数)	请求方法
ListModelMixin	list()	get(查询所有)
CreateModelMixin	create()	post
UpdateModelMixin	update()	put
RetrieveModelMixin	retrieve()	get(查询单个)
DestroyModelMixin	destroy()	delete

基于五个扩展类的接口

# 五个扩展类
class Books2View(ListModelMixin, GenericAPIView, CreateModelMixin):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

    def get(self, request):
        return self.list(request)

    def post(self, request):
        return self.create(request)
class Book2View(GenericAPIView, DestroyModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

    def get(self, request, pk):
        return self.retrieve(request, pk)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        return self.update(request, pk)

    def delete(self, request, pk):
        return self.destroy(request, pk)

注意： GenericViewSet + 五个扩展类接口等价与视图集功能

#注册
class Register(GenericViewSet,CreateModelMixin):
    queryset = models.E_User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = User_ser
#查询
class Search(GenericViewSet,RetrieveModelMixin):
    queryset = models.E_User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = User_ser
#更新
class Update(GenericViewSet,UpdateModelMixin):
    queryset = models.E_User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = User_ser

#等价于
class update(ModelViewSet)

GenericAPIView九个功能子类视图：

类名	方法：
ListAPIView	get()
CreateAPIView	create()
RetrieveUpdateAPIView	retrieve()
DestroyAPIView	delete()
UpdateAPIView	update
ListCreateAPIView	list()，create()，patch()
RetrieveUpdateAPIView	retrieve()，update()，patch()
RetrieveDestroyAPIView	retrieve()，destroy()，patch()
RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView	retrieve()，update()，destroy()，patch()

#查询所有书籍和添加书籍
class Books_zuhe(ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers
#书籍的查删改
class Book_zuhe(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

视图集

 ModelViewSet继承了GenericViewSet，提供了action方法。除了默认的五个接口方法外，还可以自己定义新的方法：

路由文件urls

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^books/latest/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({'get': 'latest'})),
    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})),
    url(r'books3/', views.BookViewSet.as_view(actions={'get':'list','post':'create'})),
    url(r'book3/(?P<pk>\d+)', views.BookViewSet.as_view(actions={'get':'retrieve','put':'update','delete':'destroy'})),
]
基于ModelViewSet类接口代码
#ModelViewSet接口
class BookViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Book.objects
    serializer_class = Bookserialisers

    def latest(self, request):
        """
        返回最新的图书信息
        """
        book = Book.objects.latest('id')
        serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def read(self, request, pk):
        """
        修改图书的阅读量数据
        """
        book = self.get_object()
        book.bread = request.data.get('read')
        book.save()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(book)
        return Response(serializer.data)

视图类关系图