文章目录
1、通用指南
- 安装mysql的操作系统
- mysql版本和安装包格式
- 安装包下载地址
- 验证安装包的完整性
- 安装布局
1.1、安装mysql的操作系统
-
安装mysql的操作系统
-
mysql版本和发布类型
-
安装mysql的操作系统
-
mysql版本和发布类型
常见平台
Oracle Linux / Red Hat / CentOS
Microsoft Windows
Apple
Solaris
其他平台
Canonical
SUSE
Debian
Microsoft Windows Server
Various Linux
1.2、mysql版本和安装包格式
1.2.1、版本
版本类型
| 类型 | 特点 |
|---|---|
| 开发版 | 有新特性，但不适合生产库使用 |
| 通用版 / 生产版 / 稳定版 | 稳定，供生产使用 |
版本命名格式
三个数字 + 一个可选后缀
示例
mysql-8.0.1-dmr
8 代表主版本为8
0 表示次版本为0
1 表示版本的补丁号（数字越大，补丁次数越多，通常也越靠谱）
前两位数字组成系列号，同一组序列号的数据库拥有一个稳定的特性集，故mysql 8.0和mysql 8.2数据库的特性是相近的，而mysql 5.7和mysql 8.0差别会很大
第三位数字是该系mysql的补丁号，一般越大越好
最后一个可选后缀表示mysql的稳定程度（ga > rc > dmr）
可选后缀
| 后缀名 | 特点 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| dmr | 不稳定 | 着重引入新特性，若引入的新特性不好使，可能会在下一版本被剔除 |
| rc | 稳定 | 可能会引入新特性，但重点转移到修改新特性的bug，以及稳定早期引入的老特性 |
| 无后缀(ga) | 最稳定 | 可用于生产的版本 |
总结
mysql开发的演变过程为：dmr => rc => ga，故ga是最靠谱的
1.2.1、安装包格式
由操作系统决定安装包的格式
通常情况下，使用二进制安装包即可
| 种类 | 好处 | 坏处 |
|---|---|---|
| 二进制安装包（binary distribution） | 安装简易 | 不可修改、读取mysql代码 |
| 源包（source distribution） | 较难安装 | 可以读取、修改源码 |
1.3、安装包下载地址
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
| 平台 | 工具 |
|---|---|
| RPM-based Linux | Yum |
| Debian-based Linux | APT |
| SUSE Linux Enterprise Server | SLES |
1.4、验证安装包的完整性
使用安装包前，需确保安装包完整且未被篡改
检查完整性的方式
- MD5校验和
- GNU Privacy Guard（签名检查）
- RPM内置的完整性验证机制
注意：
若MD5校验或GPG签名不匹配，则需要更换安装包
1.4.1、MD5校验和
工具名一般为：md5sum
[root@localhost soft]# md5sum mysql-5.7.37-el7-x86_64.tar.gz
99cfaadf01156f156412070b4fdf46bc mysql-5.7.37-el7-x86_64.tar.gz
1.5、安装布局
根据安装方式和操作系统的不同，mysql的安装布局分为以下几类
- Windows上安装
- Linux二进制包安装
- macOS安装
- 源码安装
以上几类的安装布局不同，即安装后mysql的目录不同
1.5.1、Linux二进制包安装
安装后布局如下：
2、在Linux上使用二进制包安装mysql
注意：
- 若以前安装过mysql，则在重新安装mysql前，必须把之前安装的mysql删除干净。
- MySQL依赖libaio库，若缺失此库，则数据目录初始化以及随后的服务器启动可能会失败
查看libaio库的信息
[root@localhost soft]# yum search libaio
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
=========================================== N/S matched: libaio ===========================================
libaio.x86_64 : Linux-native asynchronous I/O access library
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
若没有该库，则安装
[root@localhost soft]# yum install libaio
2.1、解压并安装
步骤大致如下
2.1.1、创建mysql用户和组
创建mysql组
[root@localhost soft]# groupadd mysql
创建mysql用户，该用户为系统用户，主组为mysql组，且无登录数据库所在主机的权限
[root@localhost soft]# useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
2.1.2、解压安装包
[root@localhost local]# cd /usr/local
[root@localhost local]# tar xvf /soft/mysql-5.7.37-el7-x86_64.tar.gz
创建软链接
[root@localhost local]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.7.37-el7-x86_64 mysql
将mysql相关程序的路径写入环境变量PATH中，以便使用程序名直接调用程序
[root@localhost mysql]# export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin
2.1.3、新建目录mysql-files
新建目录，该目录作为系统环境变量secure_file_priv的路径，用于限制导入导入的路径。
[root@localhost local]# cd mysql
[root@localhost mysql]# mkdir mysql-files
[root@localhost mysql]# chown mysql:mysql mysql-files
[root@localhost mysql]# chmod 750 mysql-files
2.1.4、初始化数据库
安装完数据库软件后，需要初始化数据字典（即初始化一个数据库）
创建一个数据库以及一个随机密码的超级用户，并退出。
[root@localhost mysql]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql
2022-05-08T01:48:10.526243Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2022-05-08T01:48:11.429024Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2022-05-08T01:48:11.512296Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2022-05-08T01:48:11.533502Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: eaf6a70d-ce70-11ec-aba2-000c291f971e.
2022-05-08T01:48:11.534546Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2022-05-08T01:48:12.309815Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-05-08T01:48:12.309828Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-05-08T01:48:12.310292Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-05-08T01:48:12.450728Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: l)yIP;nz-4Fv
注意：
可以通过命令行参数或编辑参数文件，控制mysqld服务的使用
mysqld读取的默认参数文件： /etc/my.cnf 或者 /etc/mysql/my.cnf
也可以指定初始化数据目录的路径
mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/opt/mysql/mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/mysql/data
2.1.5、配置安全连接
创建ssl和rsa文件
[root@localhost mysql]# mysql_ssl_rsa_setup
2.1.6、启动数据库服务（mysqld server）
[root@localhost bin]# mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
注意
我的/etc/my.cnf的配置如下
[root@localhost soft]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
# Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used.
# If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group,
# customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the
# instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd
[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
#
# include all files from the config directory
#
!includedir /etc/my.cnf.d
如果没有目录/var/log/mariadb，需要新建并赋予权限
[root@localhostsoft]# ll /var/log|grep mariadb drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 25 May 8 11:15 mariadb
若启动数据库时报如下错误
[root@localhost mysql]# mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
[1] 2458
[root@localhost mysql]# 2022-05-08T03:14:00.864673Z mysqld_safe error: log-error set to '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log', however file don't exists. Create writable for user 'mysql'.
[1]+ Exit 1 mysqld_safe --user=mysql
需要创建报错中缺失的文件：/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
[root@localhost mysql]# touch /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
创建完成后，再次启动数据库
[root@localhost mysql]# mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
[1] 2562
[root@localhost mysql]# 2022-05-08T03:15:56.131000Z mysqld_safe Logging to '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'.
2022-05-08T03:15:56.171614Z mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql
2022-05-08T03:15:57.857256Z mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid ended
[1]+ Done mysqld_safe --user=mysql
检查进程发现并没有mysqld进程，故查看mysqld_safe的日志文件
[root@localhost mysql]# ps -ef|grep mysqld
root 2933 1194 0 11:29 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld
[root@localhost mysql]# tail /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951108Z 0 [Note] Skipping generation of SSL certificates as certificate files are present in data directory.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951111Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951113Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951550Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951581Z 0 [Note] Skipping generation of RSA key pair as key files are present in data directory.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951795Z 0 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '*'; port: 3306
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951826Z 0 [Note] IPv6 is available.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951833Z 0 [Note] - '::' resolves to '::';
2022-05-08T03:23:48.951847Z 0 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '::'.
2022-05-08T03:23:48.970949Z 0 [ERROR] Can't start server: can't check PID filepath: No such file or directory
由报错知，缺少pid文件，故检查配置文件/etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost mariadb]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
# Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used.
# If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group,
# customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the
# instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd
[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
#
# include all files from the config directory
#
!includedir /etc/my.cnf.d
经过检查，发现没有目录/var/run/mariadb，故无法生成文件/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid
[root@localhost mariadb]# mkdir -p /var/run/mariadb
[root@localhost mariadb]# chown mysql:mysql /var/run/mariadb
[root@localhost mariadb]# chmod 750 /var/run/mariadb
创建目录/var/run/mariadb后，再次启动数据库服务
mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
检查
启动mysqld时，自动生成了mariadb.pid文件
[root@localhost mariadb]# cd /var/run/mariadb
[root@localhost mariadb]# ll
total 4
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 5 May 8 11:35 mariadb.pid
mysqld_safe的日志无报错
[root@localhost mariadb]# tail /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
2022-05-08T03:35:51.770445Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-05-08T03:35:51.771620Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-05-08T03:35:51.771758Z 0 [Note] Skipping generation of RSA key pair as key files are present in data directory.
2022-05-08T03:35:51.772403Z 0 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '*'; port: 3306
2022-05-08T03:35:51.772474Z 0 [Note] IPv6 is available.
2022-05-08T03:35:51.772489Z 0 [Note] - '::' resolves to '::';
2022-05-08T03:35:51.772518Z 0 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '::'.
2022-05-08T03:35:51.783438Z 0 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
2022-05-08T03:35:51.783678Z 0 [Note] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.7.37' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 3306 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
能看到mysqld进程
[root@localhost mariadb]# ps -ef|grep mysqld
root 2943 1194 0 11:35 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql
mysql 3078 2943 0 11:35 pts/0 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log --pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
root 3109 1194 0 11:36 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld
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