使用python更高效

# 1.判断字典key是否存在
# in的处理速度更快，has_key方法在python3被移除
def has_dict_key():
    d = {'name': 'python'}
    # bad:
    if d.has_key('name'):
        d.get('name')
    # good
    if 'name' in d:
        d.get('name')


# 2.使用git获取字典的值
# 使用d[x]访问元素，如果key不存在报KeyError错误
def get_dict_value():
    d = {'name': 'python'}
    # bad
    if 'name' in d:
        print(d['hello'])
    else:
        print('default')
    # good
    print(d.get("name", "default"))

# 3用setdefault为字典中不存在的key设置缺省值
"""
setdefault 的作用是：
如果 key 存在于字典中，那么直接返回对应的值，等效于 get 方法
如果 key 不存在字典中，则会用 setdefault 中的第二个参数作为该 key 的值，再返回该值。
"""
def set_dict_default():
    data = [
        ("animal", "bear"),
        ("animal", "duck"),
        ("plant", "cactus"),
        ("vehicle", "speed boat"),
        ("vehicle", "school bus")
    ]
    groups = {}
    for (key, value) in data:
        groups.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
    print groups


# 用defaultdict初始化字典对象
def default_dict():
    from collections import defaultdict
    data = [
        ("animal", "bear"),
        ("animal", "duck"),
        ("plant", "cactus"),
        ("vehicle", "speed boat"),
        ("vehicle", "school bus")
    ]
    groups = defaultdict(list)
    for (key, value) in data:
        groups[key].append(value)


# 用fromkeys将列表转换成字典
def from_keys():
    keys = {'a', 'b'}  # ['a', 'b']  keys = ('a', 'b')
    value = []
    d = dict.fromkeys(keys, value)
    print d  # {'a': [], 'b': []}


# 用字典实现switch...case语句
def use_dict(arg):
    if arg == 0:
        return 'zero'
    elif arg == 1:
        return 'one'
    elif arg == 2:
        return "two"
    else:
        return "nothing"

    data = {
        0: "zero",
        1: "one",
        2: "two",
    }
    data.get(arg, "nothing")


# 使用iteritems迭代字典中的元素
def for_dict():
    d = {
        0: "zero",
        1: "one",
        2: "two",
    }
    for k, v in d.items():  # 迭代超大字典的时候，内存瞬间扩大二倍
        print(k, v)
    for k, v in d.iteritems():  # 惰性加载
        print k, v


# 使用字典推导式
def ceat_dict():
    numbers = [1, 2, 3]
    # bad
    d1 = dict([(number, number * 2) for number in numbers])
    # good
    d = {number: number * 2 for number in numbers}