2020-04-14 ubuntu 18.04 下查看系统硬盘、硬盘挂载、创建LVM一条龙

1、df -hl
查看系统硬盘(可用的，已经挂载)

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev            7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs           1.6G  1.9M  1.6G   1% /run
/dev/sda8        82G   12G   66G  16% /        #现在的系统空间，只有82g
tmpfs           7.9G     0  7.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs           7.9G     0  7.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0       13M   13M     0 100% /snap/gnome-characters/103
/dev/loop1      141M  141M     0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/70
/dev/loop2       15M   15M     0 100% /snap/gnome-logs/37
/dev/loop3       35M   35M     0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/319
/dev/loop5      3.8M  3.8M     0 100% /snap/gnome-system-monitor/51
/dev/loop6      2.4M  2.4M     0 100% /snap/gnome-calculator/180
/dev/loop4       87M   87M     0 100% /snap/core/4917
/dev/sda6       945M   76M  805M   9% /boot
/dev/sda1        99M   19M   80M  20% /boot/efi
tmpfs           1.6G   16K  1.6G   1% /run/user/121
tmpfs           1.6G  1.4M  1.6G   1% /run/user/1000

其中 sda8的82G是linux文件系统所在的分区

2、sudo fdisk -l

查看系统分区情况

Disk /dev/sda: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x59fe59fe

Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *         2048    204799    202752    99M  6 FAT16
/dev/sda2          204800    466943    262144   128M  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3          466944 488853503 488386560 232.9G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT  #没有挂载的分区
/dev/sda4       488855550 976771071 487915522 232.7G  f W95 Ext'd (LBA)  #扩展分区，包括sda5～sda8
/dev/sda5       488855552 767055871 278200320 132.7G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6       767057920 769056767   1998848   976M 83 Linux
/dev/sda7       769058816 801953791  32894976  15.7G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda8       801955840 976771071 174815232  83.4G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/sdb: 465.8 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xcf2bbeb4

Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 976769023 976766976 465.8G  7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT     #另外一块硬盘，未挂载

可以看到系统有两个硬盘分别是 /dev/sda 和/dev/sdb

其中/dev/sda8是现在的系统可用空间，sda3~5和/dev/sdb1这几个个分区没有被挂载

需要将这几个未挂载的分区通过lvm合并为一个虚拟分区，并挂载在指定目录作为系统数据盘。

具体操作如下:

0、需要安装lvm2

sudo apt install lvm2  # 直接安装

或者

sudo apt install -d lvm2   # 打包下载模式，会下载所有需要的安装包
# 然后将所有的安装包拷贝到制定服务器中，通过以下命令安装
sudo dpkg -i *.deb

1、创建物理卷

xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb1      #pvcreate命令创建物理卷，将/dev/sdb1创建成物理卷
WARNING: ntfs signature detected on /dev/sdb1 at offset 3. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
  Wiping ntfs signature on /dev/sdb1.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.    # 创建成功
xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo pvdisplay            #pvdisplay命令查看已创建的物理卷，可以看到刚才创建的/dev/sdb1已经创建好，空间为465g
  "/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "<465.76 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdb1
  VG Name               
  PV Size               <465.76 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               nH4Ctd-nKbk-BiKr-VIRM-LeL5-LcOv-w8lm02
   

2、依法炮制，分别将/dev/sda5和sda3 创建程物理卷

xxxx@xxxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo pvdisplay
  "/dev/sda5" is a new physical volume of "<132.66 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda5
  VG Name               
  PV Size               <132.66 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               4hy6FJ-I3kp-MAGk-p5kW-TKiF-ZUV8-NucR68
   
  "/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "<465.76 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdb1
  VG Name               
  PV Size               <465.76 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               nH4Ctd-nKbk-BiKr-VIRM-LeL5-LcOv-w8lm02
   
  "/dev/sda3" is a new physical volume of "232.88 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda3
  VG Name               
  PV Size               232.88 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               dxcoPX-8ZER-Pblj-wznH-cNYs-GBsu-sl0yde
   

3、将刚才创建的几个物理卷打包成卷组

xxxx@xxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda5 # 通过vgcreate 命令将刚才创建的三个物理卷打包， 打包后的卷组名称自定义为 vgdata
  Volume group "vgdata" successfully created
xxxx@xxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vgdata        #自定义的卷组名称
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        3
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                3
  Act PV                3
  VG Size               <831.29 GiB    # 卷组总空间
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              212810
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       212810 / <831.29 GiB
  VG UUID               5Om20m-pFlv-9feC-FQNQ-HfOf-brgE-RvDpdA    # uuid
   

4、利用刚创建好的卷组创建逻辑卷

xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo lvcreate -L 830G -n lvsdata vgdata    # 通过lvcreate 命令将刚创建的卷组 vgdata 生成逻辑卷 lvsdata, -L可以指定虚拟卷的大小， -n 指定逻辑卷的名称，可以自定义
WARNING: ntfs signature detected on /dev/vgdata/lvsdata at offset 3. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
  Wiping ntfs signature on /dev/vgdata/lvsdata.
  Logical volume "lvsdata" created.
xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo lvdisplay    # lvdisplay 显示逻辑卷信息
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vgdata/lvsdata    # 逻辑卷的路径
  LV Name                lvsdata                # 逻辑卷名称
  VG Name                vgdata                 # 卷组的名称
  LV UUID                ojeOF0-pyh4-fLSY-RS09-KCSZ-Kd0j-ZiBZx5    # 逻辑卷uuid
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time zzd12tdl-test23, 2020-04-14 17:19:36 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                830.00 GiB               # 逻辑卷大小
  Current LE             212480
  Segments               3
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0
   

5、逻辑卷创建好后，就可以将该逻辑卷作为一个分区进行挂载

xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vgdata/lvsdata        # mkfs命令将 刚创建的逻辑卷格式化，-t 指定文件类型 ，该过程可能需要一点时间
mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Creating filesystem with 217579520 4k blocks and 54394880 inodes
Filesystem UUID: d217bfb0-219c-41fe-af9c-008b67396829
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
	4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 
	102400000, 214990848

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:          
done
xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/vgdata/lvsdata /home/data        # 将刚才创建的逻辑卷/dev/vgdata/lvsdata 挂载在本地目录 /home/data下，以后就可以在该路径下访问这个逻辑卷
xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ df -hl        # 通过df -hl命令查看系统分区
Filesystem                  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                        7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                       1.6G  1.9M  1.6G   1% /run
/dev/sda8                    82G   12G   66G  16% /
tmpfs                       7.9G     0  7.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                       5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs                       7.9G     0  7.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop0                   13M   13M     0 100% /snap/gnome-characters/103
/dev/loop1                  141M  141M     0 100% /snap/gnome-3-26-1604/70
/dev/loop2                   15M   15M     0 100% /snap/gnome-logs/37
/dev/loop3                   35M   35M     0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/319
/dev/loop5                  3.8M  3.8M     0 100% /snap/gnome-system-monitor/51
/dev/loop6                  2.4M  2.4M     0 100% /snap/gnome-calculator/180
/dev/loop4                   87M   87M     0 100% /snap/core/4917
/dev/sda6                   945M   78M  803M   9% /boot
/dev/sda1                    99M   19M   80M  20% /boot/efi
tmpfs                       1.6G   16K  1.6G   1% /run/user/121
tmpfs                       1.6G  1.4M  1.6G   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/vgdata-lvsdata  816G   77M  775G   1% /home/data  # 对比之前的系统信息，可以看到多了一个新的系统分区，大小为816G，暂时不清楚为什么不是830G

6、至此硬盘已经整合并挂载在我们指定的目录下，但是通过mount命令挂载的分区在系统重启后会消失，需要重新绑定，我们通过修改/etc/fstab文件来设置开机自动挂载

xxxx@xxxxxxxx:~/lvm2$ sudo blkid    # 通过blkid命令查看分区的 uuid 
[sudo] password for tools: 
/dev/sda8: UUID="fdbc6367-9c37-4650-8deb-4372612cc8fc" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-08"
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop1: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop2: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop3: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop4: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop5: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop6: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sda1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="28E2-10EA" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="E9570E031D501733" TYPE="ntfs" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-02"
/dev/sda3: UUID="dxcoPX-8ZER-Pblj-wznH-cNYs-GBsu-sl0yde" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-03"
/dev/sda5: UUID="4hy6FJ-I3kp-MAGk-p5kW-TKiF-ZUV8-NucR68" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-05"
/dev/sda6: UUID="4700795e-88f1-4089-80e0-cfa873357dba" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-06"
/dev/sda7: UUID="f1ef528d-c356-4f6e-a1a2-9a9d712af70f" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="59fe59fe-07"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="nH4Ctd-nKbk-BiKr-VIRM-LeL5-LcOv-w8lm02" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="cf2bbeb4-01"
/dev/mapper/vgdata-lvsdata: UUID="d217bfb0-219c-41fe-af9c-008b67396829" TYPE="ext4" #可以看到刚才挂载的逻辑卷 在这里
tools@zzd12tdl-test23:~/lvm2$ cat /etc/fstab # 查看/etc/fstab文件，可以看到最初挂载的几个分区在这里都有记录，我们需要将刚才挂载的逻辑卷添加进去
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda8 during installation
UUID=fdbc6367-9c37-4650-8deb-4372612cc8fc /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1
# /boot was on /dev/sda6 during installation
UUID=4700795e-88f1-4089-80e0-cfa873357dba /boot           ext4    defaults        0       2
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=28E2-10EA  /boot/efi       vfat    umask=0077      0       1
# swap was on /dev/sda7 during installation
UUID=f1ef528d-c356-4f6e-a1a2-9a9d712af70f none            swap    sw              0       0

文件最后添加一句

UUID=d217bfb0-219c-41fe-af9c-008b67396829 /mnt/data   ext4  defaults 0 2
# UUID 填写需要挂载的逻辑卷的uuid , /mnt/data 是需要挂载的目录 , 类型为ext4 , 第一个数字0 表示开机不检查磁盘，第二个数字 0表示交换分区，1代表启动分区（Linux），2表示普通分区 

至此 系统硬盘lvm和分区挂载完成，现在可以通过刚才挂载目录/mnt/data 访问绑定的硬盘。

后续需要扩展或者更换硬盘的话参考以下博文进行扩展

 

参考：https://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-08/121117.htm

https://www.cnblogs.com/diantong/p/10554831.html

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35451572/article/details/79541106