CS5303- Conputer Science I(python)

About Python:

The layers differences between C++&JAVA &Python:

A python program, sometimes called a script, is a sequence of definitions and commands.These definitions are evaluated and the commands are executed by the Python interpreter in something called the shell. Typically, a new shell is created whenever execution of a program begins. In most cases, a window is associated with the shell.

Python as a computer language:

1.Has similar procedural for as lower-level languages.
2.Has relaxed constraints on the syntax of a language.
3.It is an interpretive language(Handles code line by line for anything programmed in python)

Parts of a Program:

• Modules - A module is a library of pre-defined values and functions.(That means module is a .py file containing Python definitions and statements.)
• Expression - An expression is a combination of values and operations that a known result(LHS##Lift-hands side) eg.2+3
• Statement - A statement performs a task (A command often called a statement, instructs the interpreter to output )
• Whitespace - a character(space tab etc) that separates other characters
  * Indentation - grouping or code block are marked by a set of indentations. A paragraph of code.
  * Continuation - The “” symbol is used to continue a line of code.
• Comments - using symbol “#”

While loop:

while booleanExpression(true\false):
	code block
or
loop = 10
while(loop > 0):
	print("Countdown is "), loop
	loop -= 1
print("Blastoff!")			

For loop:

for letter in "Cookies":
	print letter
we get result:
C
o
o
k
i
e
s	

Range function:

• used to create a collection of numbers
• range(min, max) or range (min, max, interval)
  * min is the beginning of the number sequence
  * max is the end of the number sequence
  * interval(step) can be default to 1
  * used with for loop

for i in range(1,10):##[1,10)    
	print (i)  

The String Type:

• A collection of characters.
• A sequence of a characters.
• Uses symbol pairs:

• [ ✔️] ‘string’ [ ❌]'string"
• [ ✔️]“string” [ ❌]"string’

• String Representation: Characters are actually numbers encoded by the ASCII table.
• String as a sequence:
  [C] [o] [o] [k] [i] [e] [s]
  [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
  [-7] [-6] [-5] [-4] [-3] [-2] [-1]
• It is possible to do partial or combination of indexes to manipulate a sequence:
  string[:5] would be: “Cooki”
  string[5:] would be: “es”
  string[2:6] would be: “okie”
  string[0:6:2] would be: “Coi”

String operations:

• The in operator - Is this string the subset of the other string?

String :

• String are marked with ’ ’ or " "
• String are immutable
• String can be concatenated
• String can be indexed and sliced
• Can be type-cast with a built-in str() function
• Can only contain ASCII characters

List :

• List are marked with []
• List are mutable( can be changed)
• List can be concatenated
• List can be indexed and sliced
• List can be created with a built-in list() function
• List can contain any data type

Tuples :

• Tuples are marked with()
• Tuples are immutable
• Tuples can be concatenated
• Tuples can be indexed and sliced
• Can be created with a built-in tuple() function
• Can contain any data type

Dictionaries :

• Dictionaries are marked with {key 1: value1, key2:value2}
• Dictionaries keys are immutable
• Dictionaries values are mutable
• Dictionaries cannot be concatenated
• Dictionaries cannot be indexed and sliced
• Can be created with a built-in dict() function
• Keys must be immutable or simple types
• Values can be any type

Sets :

• Sets are marked with set([])
• Sets are mutable
• Sets cannot be concatenated
• Sets cannot be indexed and sliced
• Can be created with built-in set() function
• Can contain any immutable data types or simple data types
• All elements are one of a kind: Uniqueness

x = set('runoob')
y = set('google')
print(x, y)
>>>{'b', 'r', 'u', 'o', 'n'}, {'e', 'o', 'g', 'l'}   
print (x & y)        #intersection
>>>{'o'}
print(x | y)       #union
>>>{'b', 'e', 'g', 'l', 'o', 'n', 'r', 'u'}
print(x - y)      #difference set   
>>>{'r', 'b', 'u', 'n'}

Pass By Value :

• Pass-By-Value-means the parameter values are not changed.
  • True for simple data types(boolean, float, int )
  • True for immutable data types

Pass by Reference :

• The parameter can be changed
• The parameter must be a collection
• The parameter must be mutable
• Lists, Dictionaries(The values, not the keys), and Sets can be pass-by-reference.

Class :

• A class is a new datatype, like creating a new int, float, or even a string.
• These datatypes have to be defined
• The keyword class is used to define a class, much the same way that def is used to define a function.
• The creation of a class for use, as in creating a variable, is called creating an instance.

self: How to write a command：

• self: refers back to the instance of the class
• The printout of an object is from the command descriptor __ str __
• __ str __ is a standard command that can be overridden.

def __str__(self):
	result=format("%s, %d %s %d")\
	%(self.day_of_week,self.day,self.name_of_month,self.year)
return result

Standard Object Commands

• __ init __()
  * Creates a new instance of an object.
• __ str __()
  * Prints out the instance of an object.
• Encapsulation - The data and functions are contained within a class
• Inheritance - The class can be built upon a parent class. Object is just the basic. New objects can be created from older objects.
• Polymorphism - Operators and commands can be overridden. Each object can be created to include its own addition and subtraction.

will update later