Unit 11 linux下的网络配置

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最新推荐文章于 2022-10-22 23:18:37 发布

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IP地址

计算机要实现网络通信，就必须要有一个用于快速定位的网络地址

IP地址就是计算机在网络中的唯一身份ID

IP地址的组成:IP地址=网络地址+主机地址

例如172.25.254.38

#子网掩码

用来划分网络区域例如，255.255.255.0

子网掩码非0位置对应的ip上的数字表示这个ip的网络位

子网掩码0位对应的数字是ip的主机位

网络位表示网络区域

主机位表示网络区域内的某台主机

网络设定工具

ping #检测网络是否畅通

ifconfig #查看或设定网络接口

ifconfig #查看

ifconfig device(eth0网卡名称) ip/24 #设定

ifconfig device down #关闭

ifconfig device up #开启

临时设定

ip addr ##检测或设定网络接口

[root@vm80 ~]# ip addr

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN

    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

    inet6 ::1/128 scope host

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000

    link/ether 52:54:00:00:1e:0a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

    inet 172.25.254.80/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global eth0

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe00:1e0a/64 scope link

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr show #检测

[root@vm80 ~]# ip addr show

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN

    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

    inet6 ::1/128 scope host

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000

    link/ether 52:54:00:00:1e:0a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

    inet 172.25.254.80/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global eth0

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe00:1e0a/64 scope link

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr add ip/24 dev device(eth0网卡名称) #设定

注意：device名字是一个物理事实，你看到的是什么名字你就用什么名字

图形方式设定IP

nm-connection-editor ##有可能不生效
systemctl stop NetworkManager #记录网络服务状态
systemctl restart network

命令的方式设定网络

nmcli ##NetworkManager必须开启

nmcli device connect eth0 ##启用eth0网卡

nmcli device disconnect eth0 ##关闭eth0网卡

nmcli device show eth0 ##查看网卡信息

[root@vm80 ~]# nmcli device show eth0

GENERAL.DEVICE:                         eth0

GENERAL.TYPE:                           ethernet

GENERAL.HWADDR:                         52:54:00:00:1E:0A

GENERAL.MTU:                            1500

GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (connected)

GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     net0

GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0

WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:               on

IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         ip = 172.25.254.80/24, gw = 0.0.0.0

IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         ip = fe80::5054:ff:fe00:1e0a/64, gw = ::

nmcli device status eth0 ##查看网卡服务接口信息

[root@vm80 ~]# nmcli device status eth0

Unknown parameter: eth0

DEVICE TYPE      STATE      CONNECTION

eth0    ethernet connected net0

lo      loopback unmanaged --

用nm-connection-editor改名称为westos

nmcli connection show

[root@vm80 ~]# nmcli connection show

NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE

net0 82226f60-ace7-4973-8039-eeffa21fa0d1 802-3-ethernet eth0

nmcli connection down westos

nmcli connection up westos

nmcli connection delete westos

nmcli connection add type ethernet con-name westos ifname eth0 ip4 172.25.254.100/24 ##对应nm-connection-editor来写

nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.method auto

nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.method manual

nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.addresses 172.25.254.200/24

管理网络配置文件

网络配置目录在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

网络配置文件的命名规则

ifcfg-xxxx

DEVICE=xxx ##设备名称

BOOTPROTO=dhcp|static|none ##设备工作方式

ONBOOT=yes ##网络服务开启时自动激活网卡

IPADDR= ##IP地址

PREFIX=24 ##子网掩码

NETMASK=255.255.255.0 ##子网掩码

NAME= ##接口名称(可有可无)

#nmcli connection delete westos 先删除，再添加（删除的是配置文件）

示例：

静态网络设定文件

vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

ONBOOT=yes

IPADDR=172.25.254.100

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

BOOTPROTO=none

NAME=westos ##加与不加在图形化看区别

##不要乱动物理机上br0

然后重启网络配置

systemctl restart network

一块网卡上配置多个IP

vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0

ONBOOT=yes

IPADDR0=172.25.254.100 ## IP0

NETMASK0=255.255.255.0

BOOTPROTO=none

NAME=westos

IPADDR1=172.25.0.100 ## IP1

PREFIX1=24

DHCP服务配置

首先需要下载dhcp服务

下载dhcp服务
[root@vm88 ~]# yum install dhcp -y
Loaded plugins: langpacks
Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast
rhel_dvd                                                 | 4.1 kB     00:00
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-27.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
Package       Arch            Version                  Repository         Size
================================================================================
Installing:
dhcp          x86_64          12:4.2.5-27.el7          rhel_dvd          506 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package

Total download size: 506 k
Installed size: 1.4 M
Downloading packages:
No Presto metadata available for rhel_dvd
dhcp-4.2.5-27.el7.x86_64.rpm                               | 506 kB   00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-27.el7.x86_64                                  1/1
Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-27.el7.x86_64                                  1/1

Installed:
dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-27.el7

Complete!

[root@vm138 dhcp]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example  /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

编辑dhcpd.conf文件配置dhcp服务

[root@server88 ~]# cd /etc/dhcp
[root@server88 dhcp]# ls
dhclient.d dhcpd6.conf dhcpd.conf
[root@server88 dhcp]# vim dhcpd.conf

7 option domain-name "example.com";       ##指示域名
8 option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114;    ##DNS服务ip

27\28删除

31 subnet 172.25.254.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {    ##配置网段和子网掩码
32   range 172.25.254.50 172.25.254.100;       ##地址范围
33   option routers 172.25.254.38; ##主机地址

后面删除

[root@server88 ~]# systemctl start dhcpd.service #打开DHCPD服务
[root@server88 ~]# systemctl status dhcpd.service

dhcpd.service - DHCPv4 Server Daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service; disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-01-18 09:25:54 CST; 27min ago
     Docs: man:dhcpd(8)
           man:dhcpd.conf(5)
Main PID: 3689 (dhcpd)
   CGroup: /system.slice/dhcpd.service
           └─3689 /usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -gr...

Jan 18 09:50:04 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:00:31:0a v...h0
Jan 18 09:50:05 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPREQUEST for 172.25.254.124 (172.2...4.
Jan 18 09:50:05 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPOFFER on 172.25.254.135 to 52:54:...h0
Jan 18 09:51:18 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:00:26:0a v...h0
Jan 18 09:51:19 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPOFFER on 172.25.254.130 to 52:54:...h0
Jan 18 09:51:19 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPREQUEST for 172.25.254.130 (172.2...h0
Jan 18 09:51:19 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPACK on 172.25.254.130 to 52:54:00...h0
Jan 18 09:53:07 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:00:31:0a v...h0
Jan 18 09:53:08 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPOFFER on 172.25.254.135 to 52:54:...h0
Jan 18 09:53:08 server88 dhcpd[3689]: DHCPREQUEST for 172.25.254.124 (172.2...4.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

同样，在138中删除网卡，然后选择DHCP方式建立新的ip

就能分配到172.25.254.130～172.25.254.140之间的ip

使用yum下载

需要指定content.example.com地址，

[root@server88 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo
# Created by cloud-init on Thu, 10 Jul 2014 22:19:11 +0000
[rhel_dvd]
gpgcheck = 0
enabled = 1
baseurl = http://content.example.com/rhel7.0/x86_64/dvd
name = Remote classroom copy of dvd

在/etc/hosts下可以指定域名与IP的对应关系

[root@server88 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

172.25.254.254 classroom.example.com
172.25.254.250 content.example.com