39. 组合总和
给你一个 无重复元素 的整数数组 candidates 和一个目标整数 target ,找出 candidates 中可以使数字和为目标数 target 的 所有 不同组合 ,并以列表形式返回。你可以按 任意顺序 返回这些组合。
candidates 中的 同一个 数字可以 无限制重复被选取 。如果至少一个数字的被选数量不同,则两种组合是不同的。
对于给定的输入,保证和为 target 的不同组合数少于 150 个。
题目链接:链接
参考代码:
回溯(版本一)
class Solution:
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, total, startIndex, path, result):
if total > target:
return
if total == target:
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
total += candidates[i]
path.append(candidates[i])
self.backtracking(candidates, target, total, i, path, result) # 不用i+1了,表示可以重复读取当前的数
total -= candidates[i]
path.pop()
def combinationSum(self, candidates, target):
result = []
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0, [], result)
return result
回溯剪枝(版本一)
class Solution:
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, total, startIndex, path, result):
if total == target:
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
if total + candidates[i] > target:
break
total += candidates[i]
path.append(candidates[i])
self.backtracking(candidates, target, total, i, path, result)
total -= candidates[i]
path.pop()
def combinationSum(self, candidates, target):
result = []
candidates.sort() # 需要排序
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0, [], result)
return result
回溯(版本二)
class Solution:
def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
result =[]
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, [], result)
return result
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, startIndex, path, result):
if target == 0:
result.append(path[:])
return
if target < 0:
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
path.append(candidates[i])
self.backtracking(candidates, target - candidates[i], i, path, result)
path.pop()
回溯剪枝(版本二)
class Solution:
def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
result =[]
candidates.sort()
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, [], result)
return result
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, startIndex, path, result):
if target == 0:
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
if target - candidates[i] < 0:
break
path.append(candidates[i])
self.backtracking(candidates, target - candidates[i], i, path, result)
path.pop()
总结:链接
40. 组合总和 II
给定一个候选人编号的集合 candidates 和一个目标数 target ,找出 candidates 中所有可以使数字和为 target 的组合。
candidates 中的每个数字在每个组合中只能使用 一次 。
注意:解集不能包含重复的组合。
题目链接:链接
参考代码:
回溯
class Solution:
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, total, startIndex, path, result):
if total == target:
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
if i > startIndex and candidates[i] == candidates[i - 1]:
continue
if total + candidates[i] > target:
break
total += candidates[i]
path.append(candidates[i])
self.backtracking(candidates, target, total, i + 1, path, result)
total -= candidates[i]
path.pop()
def combinationSum2(self, candidates, target):
result = []
candidates.sort()
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0, [], result)
return result
回溯 使用used
class Solution:
def backtracking(self, candidates, target, total, startIndex, used, path, result):
if total == target:
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(candidates)):
# 对于相同的数字,只选择第一个未被使用的数字,跳过其他相同数字
if i > startIndex and candidates[i] == candidates[i - 1] and not used[i - 1]:
continue
if total + candidates[i] > target:
break
total += candidates[i]
path.append(candidates[i])
used[i] = True
self.backtracking(candidates, target, total, i + 1, used, path, result)
used[i] = False
total -= candidates[i]
path.pop()
def combinationSum2(self, candidates, target):
used = [False] * len(candidates)
result = []
candidates.sort()
self.backtracking(candidates, target, 0, 0, used, [], result)
return result
回溯优化
class Solution:
def combinationSum2(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
candidates.sort()
results = []
self.combinationSumHelper(candidates, target, 0, [], results)
return results
def combinationSumHelper(self, candidates, target, index, path, results):
if target == 0:
results.append(path[:])#满足target时,加入res结果列表
return
for i in range(index, len(candidates)):#单层递归回溯逻辑
if i > index and candidates[i] == candidates[i - 1]:
continue #去掉重复的元素,不将重复元素加入到res结果列表中
if candidates[i] > target:#剪枝,某个元素大于target,跳出整个循环
break
path.append(candidates[i])#每次循环加入一个元素
self.combinationSumHelper(candidates, target - candidates[i], i + 1, path, results)#在这个元素之后去递归,target会变化,递归索引会变化
path.pop()#回溯到上一层
总结:链接
131. 分割回文串
给你一个字符串 s,请你将 s 分割成一些子串,使每个子串都是 回文串 。返回 s 所有可能的分割方案。
回文串 是正着读和反着读都一样的字符串。
题目链接:链接
参考代码:
回溯 基本版
class Solution:
def partition(self, s: str) -> List[List[str]]:
'''
递归用于纵向遍历
for循环用于横向遍历
当切割线迭代至字符串末尾,说明找到一种方法
类似组合问题,为了不重复切割同一位置,需要start_index来做标记下一轮递归的起始位置(切割线)
'''
result = []
self.backtracking(s, 0, [], result)
return result
def backtracking(self, s, start_index, path, result ):
# Base Case
if start_index == len(s):
result.append(path[:])
return
# 单层递归逻辑
for i in range(start_index, len(s)):
# 此次比其他组合题目多了一步判断:
# 判断被截取的这一段子串([start_index, i])是否为回文串
if self.is_palindrome(s, start_index, i):
path.append(s[start_index:i+1])
self.backtracking(s, i+1, path, result) # 递归纵向遍历:从下一处进行切割,判断其余是否仍为回文串
path.pop() # 回溯
def is_palindrome(self, s: str, start: int, end: int) -> bool:
i: int = start
j: int = end
while i < j:
if s[i] != s[j]:
return False
i += 1
j -= 1
return True
回溯+优化判定回文函数
class Solution:
def partition(self, s: str) -> List[List[str]]:
result = []
self.backtracking(s, 0, [], result)
return result
def backtracking(self, s, start_index, path, result ):
# Base Case
if start_index == len(s):
result.append(path[:])
return
# 单层递归逻辑
for i in range(start_index, len(s)):
# 若反序和正序相同,意味着这是回文串
if s[start_index: i + 1] == s[start_index: i + 1][::-1]:
path.append(s[start_index:i+1])
self.backtracking(s, i+1, path, result) # 递归纵向遍历:从下一处进行切割,判断其余是否仍为回文串
path.pop() # 回溯
回溯+高效判断回文子串
class Solution:
def partition(self, s: str) -> List[List[str]]:
result = []
isPalindrome = [[False] * len(s) for _ in range(len(s))] # 初始化isPalindrome矩阵
self.computePalindrome(s, isPalindrome)
self.backtracking(s, 0, [], result, isPalindrome)
return result
def backtracking(self, s, startIndex, path, result, isPalindrome):
if startIndex >= len(s):
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(startIndex, len(s)):
if isPalindrome[startIndex][i]: # 是回文子串
substring = s[startIndex:i + 1]
path.append(substring)
self.backtracking(s, i + 1, path, result, isPalindrome) # 寻找i+1为起始位置的子串
path.pop() # 回溯过程,弹出本次已经添加的子串
def computePalindrome(self, s, isPalindrome):
for i in range(len(s) - 1, -1, -1): # 需要倒序计算,保证在i行时,i+1行已经计算好了
for j in range(i, len(s)):
if j == i:
isPalindrome[i][j] = True
elif j - i == 1:
isPalindrome[i][j] = (s[i] == s[j])
else:
isPalindrome[i][j] = (s[i] == s[j] and isPalindrome[i+1][j-1])
回溯+使用all函数判断回文子串
class Solution:
def partition(self, s: str) -> List[List[str]]:
result = []
self.partition_helper(s, 0, [], result)
return result
def partition_helper(self, s, start_index, path, result):
if start_index == len(s):
result.append(path[:])
return
for i in range(start_index + 1, len(s) + 1):
sub = s[start_index:i]
if self.isPalindrome(sub):
path.append(sub)
self.partition_helper(s, i, path, result)
path.pop()
def isPalindrome(self, s):
return all(s[i] == s[len(s) - 1 - i] for i in range(len(s) // 2))
总结:链接