文章目录
GitHub: https://github.com/RealEmperor/Python-for-Data-Analysis
matplotlib创建图表
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas import Series, DataFrame
from numpy.random import randn
from datetime import datetime
np.random.seed(12345)
plt.rc('figure', figsize=(10, 6))
np.set_printoptions(precision=4)
get_ipython().magic(u'matplotlib inline')
get_ipython().magic(u'pwd')
plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1])
plt.show()
plt.plot([4, 3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3, 4])
plt.show()
更多简单的图形
# 更多简单的图形
x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = [5, 4, 3, 2]
plt.figure()
plt.subplot(2, 3, 1)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.subplot(232)
plt.bar(x, y)
plt.subplot(233)
plt.barh(x, y)
plt.subplot(234)
plt.bar(x, y)
y1 = [7, 8, 5, 3]
plt.bar(x, y1, bottom=y, color='r')
plt.subplot(235)
plt.boxplot(x)
plt.subplot(236)
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
figure与subplot
# figure对象
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 1)
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 2)
ax3 = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, 3)
plt.show()
plt.plot(randn(50).cumsum(), 'k--')
fig.show()
_ = ax1.hist(randn(100), bins=20, color='k', alpha=0.3)
ax2.scatter(np.arange(30), np.arange(30) + 3 * randn(30))
plt.close('all')
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3)
# 调整subplot周围的间距
plt.subplots_adjust(left=None, bottom=None, right=None, top=None,
wspace=None, hspace=None)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, sharex=True, sharey=True)
for i in range(2):
for j in range(2):
axes[i, j].hist(randn(500), bins=50, color='k', alpha=0.5)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, hspace=0)
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x29b62776470>
matplotlib基本设置
颜色、标记和线型
plt.figure()
plt.show()
plt.plot(x, y, linestyle='--', color='g')
plt.show()
plt.plot(randn(30).cumsum(), 'ko--')
plt.plot(randn(30).cumsum(), color='k', linestyle='dashed', marker='o')
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x29b62749240>
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x29b61c085f8>]
plt.close('all')
data = randn(30).cumsum()
plt.plot(data, 'k--', label='Default')
plt.plot(data, 'k-', drawstyle='steps-post', label='steps-post')
plt.legend(loc='best')
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x29b626eb860>
设置标题、轴标签、刻度以及刻度标签
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.plot(randn(1000).cumsum())
ticks = ax.set_xticks([0, 250, 500, 750, 1000])
labels = ax.set_xticklabels(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'],
rotation=30, fontsize='small')
ax.set_title('My first matplotlib plot')
ax.set_xlabel('Stages')
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x1f480fc72b0>
添加图例
# 添加图例
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
ax.plot(randn(1000).cumsum(), 'k', label='one')
ax.plot(randn(1000).cumsum(), 'k--', label='two')
ax.plot(randn(1000).cumsum(), 'k.', label='three')
ax.legend(loc='best')
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x1f481661da0>
注释以及在subplot上绘图
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
data = pd.read_csv('data/spx.csv', index_col=0, parse_dates=True)
spx = data['SPX']
spx.plot(ax=ax, style='k-')
crisis_data = [
(datetime(2007, 10, 11), 'Peak of bull market'),
(datetime(2008, 3, 12), 'Bear Stearns Fails'),
(datetime(2008, 9, 15), 'Lehman Bankruptcy')
]
for date, label in crisis_data:
ax.annotate(label, xy=(date, spx.asof(date) + 50),
xytext=(date, spx.asof(date) + 200),
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black'),
horizontalalignment='left', verticalalignment='top')
ax.set_xlim(['1/1/2007', '1/1/2011'])
ax.set_ylim([600, 1800])
ax.set_title('Important dates in 2008-2009 financial crisis')
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x1f4828fac50>
画图形
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1)
rect = plt.Rectangle((0.2, 0.75), 0.4, 0.15, color='k', alpha=0.3)
circ = plt.Circle((0.7, 0.2), 0.15, color='b', alpha=0.3)
pgon = plt.Polygon([[0.15, 0.15], [0.35, 0.4], [0.2, 0.6]],
color='g', alpha=0.5)
ax.add_patch(rect)
ax.add_patch(circ)
ax.add_patch(pgon)
<matplotlib.patches.Polygon at 0x1f482943160>
图表的保存
# 图表的保存
fig.savefig('data/figpath.svg')
fig.savefig('data/figpath.png', dpi=400, bbox_inches='tight')
pandas中的绘图函数
线图
plt.close('all')
s = Series(np.random.randn(10).cumsum(), index=np.arange(0, 100, 10))
s.plot()
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f48170aa90>
df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4).cumsum(0),
columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'],
index=np.arange(0, 100, 10))
df.plot()
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f4816a5780>
柱形图
# 柱形图
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 1)
data = Series(np.random.rand(16), index=list('abcdefghijklmnop'))
data.plot(kind='bar', ax=axes[0], color='k', alpha=0.7)
data.plot(kind='barh', ax=axes[1], color='k', alpha=0.7)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f482ac03c8>
df = DataFrame(np.random.rand(6, 4),
index=['one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six'],
columns=pd.Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], name='Genus'))
print(df)
df.plot(kind='bar')
Genus A B C D
one 0.367439 0.498648 0.226575 0.353566
two 0.650852 0.312933 0.768735 0.781837
three 0.852409 0.949906 0.107323 0.910725
four 0.336055 0.826380 0.898101 0.042715
five 0.195795 0.294501 0.627000 0.086223
six 0.142945 0.515827 0.689341 0.856626
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f482b20c50>
df.plot(kind='barh', stacked=True, alpha=0.5)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f482d687f0>
tips = pd.read_csv('data/tips.csv')
party_counts = pd.crosstab(tips.day, tips['size'])
print(party_counts)
size 1 2 3 4 5 6
day
Fri 1 16 1 1 0 0
Sat 2 53 18 13 1 0
Sun 0 39 15 18 3 1
Thur 1 48 4 5 1 3
party_counts = party_counts.loc[:, 2:5]
party_pcts = party_counts.div(party_counts.sum(1).astype(float), axis=0)
print(party_pcts)
size 2 3 4 5
day
Fri 0.888889 0.055556 0.055556 0.000000
Sat 0.623529 0.211765 0.152941 0.011765
Sun 0.520000 0.200000 0.240000 0.040000
Thur 0.827586 0.068966 0.086207 0.017241
party_pcts.plot(kind='bar', stacked=True)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f482e2d400>
直方图和密度图
plt.figure()
tips['tip_pct'] = tips['tip'] / tips['total_bill']
tips['tip_pct'].hist(bins=50)
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f482e75710>
plt.figure()
tips['tip_pct'].plot(kind='kde')
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f48304fb38>
plt.figure()
comp1 = np.random.normal(0, 1, size=200) # N(0, 1)
comp2 = np.random.normal(10, 2, size=200) # N(10, 4)
values = Series(np.concatenate([comp1, comp2]))
values.hist(bins=100, alpha=0.3, color='k', normed=True)
values.plot(kind='kde', style='k--')
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1f48317edd8>
散点图
# 散点图
macro = pd.read_csv('data/macrodata.csv')
data = macro[['cpi', 'm1', 'tbilrate', 'unemp']]
trans_data = np.log(data).diff().dropna()
trans_data[-5:]
| cpi | m1 | tbilrate | unemp | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 198 | -0.007904 | 0.045361 | -0.396881 | 0.105361 |
| 199 | -0.021979 | 0.066753 | -2.277267 | 0.139762 |
| 200 | 0.002340 | 0.010286 | 0.606136 | 0.160343 |
| 201 | 0.008419 | 0.037461 | -0.200671 | 0.127339 |
| 202 | 0.008894 | 0.012202 | -0.405465 | 0.042560 |
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(trans_data['m1'], trans_data['unemp'])
plt.title('Changes in log %s vs. log %s' % ('m1', 'unemp'))
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x1f4848edeb8>
pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(trans_data, diagonal='kde', color='k', alpha=0.3)
plt.show()
Matplotlib作图
误差条形图
# 误差条形图
x = np.arange(0, 10, 1)
y = np.log(x)
xe = 0.1 * np.abs(np.random.randn(len(y)))
plt.bar(x, y, yerr=xe, width=0.4, align='center', ecolor='r', color='cyan',
label='experiment #1')
plt.xlabel('# measurement')
plt.ylabel('Measured values')
plt.title('Measurements')
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.show()
C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\ipykernel_launcher.py:4: RuntimeWarning: divide by zero encountered in log
after removing the cwd from sys.path.
饼图
# 饼图
plt.figure(1, figsize=(8, 8))
ax = plt.axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8])
labels = 'Spring', 'Summer', 'Autumn', 'Winter'
values = [15, 16, 16, 28]
explode = [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]
plt.pie(values, explode=explode, labels=labels,
autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=67)
plt.title('Rainy days by season')
plt.show()
等高线图
# 等高线图
import matplotlib as mpl
def process_signals(x, y):
return (1 - (x ** 2 + y ** 2)) * np.exp(-y ** 3 / 3)
x = np.arange(-1.5, 1.5, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-1.5, 1.5, 0.1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z = process_signals(X, Y)
N = np.arange(-1, 1.5, 0.3)
CS = plt.contour(Z, N, linewidths=2, cmap=mpl.cm.jet)
plt.clabel(CS, inline=True, fmt='%1.1f', fontsize=10)
plt.colorbar(CS)
plt.title('My function: $z=(1-x^2+y^2) e^{-(y^3)/3}$')
plt.show()
3D图像
3d柱形图
# 3d柱形图
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
mpl.rcParams['font.size'] = 10
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
for z in [2011, 2012, 2013, 2014]:
xs = range(1, 13)
ys = 1000 * np.random.rand(12)
color = plt.cm.Set2(np.random.choice(range(plt.cm.Set2.N)))
ax.bar(xs, ys, zs=z, zdir='y', color=color, alpha=0.8)
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(mpl.ticker.FixedLocator(xs))
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(mpl.ticker.FixedLocator(ys))
ax.set_xlabel('Month')
ax.set_ylabel('Year')
ax.set_zlabel('Sales Net [usd]')
plt.show()
3d直方图
# 3d直方图
mpl.rcParams['font.size'] = 10
samples = 25
x = np.random.normal(5, 1, samples)
y = np.random.normal(3, .5, samples)
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(211, projection='3d')
hist, xedges, yedges = np.histogram2d(x, y, bins=10)
elements = (len(xedges) - 1) * (len(yedges) - 1)
xpos, ypos = np.meshgrid(xedges[:-1] + .25, yedges[:-1] + .25)
xpos = xpos.flatten()
ypos = ypos.flatten()
zpos = np.zeros(elements)
dx = .1 * np.ones_like(zpos)
dy = dx.copy()
dz = hist.flatten()
ax.bar3d(xpos, ypos, zpos, dx, dy, dz, color='b', alpha=0.4)
ax.set_xlabel('X Axis')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axis')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axis')
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(212)
ax2.scatter(x, y)
ax2.set_xlabel('X Axis')
ax2.set_ylabel('Y Axis')
plt.show()
参考资料：炼数成金Python数据分析课程
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