C++查缺补漏（2）：运算符重载、模板、模板中的友元函数、类型转换、Lanbda表达式、异常、、智能指针

1 运算符重载

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Pen
{
public:
	friend ostream & operator<<(ostream& cout, const Pen& p1);
	friend istream& operator>>(istream& cin, Pen& p1);
	Pen(int a, int b) :m_a(a), m_b(b)
	{}
	void display()
	{
		cout << "(" << m_a << "," << m_b << ")" << endl;
	}
	const Pen operator+ ( const Pen &p2)const//保证返回值不能复赋值
	{
		cout << "Pen operator+" << endl;
		return Pen(m_a + p2.m_a, m_b + p2.m_b);
	}
	const Pen operator- (const Pen& p2)const
	{
		cout << "Pen operator-" << endl;
		return Pen(m_a - p2.m_a, m_b - p2.m_b);
	}
	const Pen operator* (const Pen& p2)const
	{
		cout << "Pen operator*" << endl;
		return Pen(m_a * p2.m_a, m_b * p2.m_b);
	}
	const Pen operator/ (const Pen& p2)const
	{
		cout << "Pen operator*" << endl;
		return Pen(m_a / p2.m_a, m_b / p2.m_b);
	}
	Pen &operator+=(const Pen& p2)//使返回值可以赋值
	{
		cout << "Pen operator+=" << endl;
		m_a += p2.m_a;
		m_b += p2.m_b;
		return *this;
	}
	bool operator!=(const Pen& p1)
	{
		return (m_a != p1.m_a) || (m_b != p1.m_b);
	}
	bool operator==(const Pen& p1)
	{
		return (m_a == p1.m_a) && (m_b == p1.m_b);
	}
	const Pen operator-()const
	{
		return Pen(-m_a, -m_b);
	}
	Pen &operator++()//后置++
	{
		++m_a; ++m_b;
		return *this;
	}
	Pen &operator++(int)//前置++,语法规定加一个int
	{
		Pen old(m_a,m_b);
		++m_a; ++m_b;
		return old;
	}
private:
	int m_a;
	int m_b;
	//int m_c;
};

ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, const Pen &p1) //系统自带的cout必须是非const
{
	cout << "(" << p1.m_a << "," << p1.m_b<<")";
	return cout;
}
istream& operator>>(istream& cin, Pen& p1)//p1是需要改变值 所以不能用const
{
	cin >> p1.m_a >> p1.m_b;
	return cin;
}

int main()
{
	Pen p1(10, 20);
	Pen p2(20, 30);
	Pen p3(30, 40);
	//Pen p4 = p1++;
	//p1 += p2;
	//cout << (p1 == p2 ) ;
	// p1++;
	 //++p1 = p2;

	//p1.display();
	cout << p1 << p2;
	cin >> p1 >> p2;
	cout << p1 << p2;
	//system("pause");
	return 0;
}

2 模板

#include <iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

template<typename Ele>
class Array
{
public:
	//Array() :m_data(0), m_size(0), m_capacity(0) {};
	Array(int capacity):m_size(0),m_capacity(1)
	{
		m_capacity = (capacity > 10) ? capacity : 10;
		m_data = new int[m_capacity];
	}
	~Array() {
		if (m_data == NULL)
		{
			return;
		}
			delete[]m_data;
		
	}
	void add(Ele value) {
		if (m_size == m_capacity)
		{
			//扩容
			//m_capacity = m_size+1;
			//int *new_data = new int[m_capacity];
			//memcpy(new_data, m_data, m_size * sizeof(int));
			for (int i = 0; i < m_size; i++)
			{
				new_data[i] = m_data[i];
				m_data[i] = 0;
			}
			//
			//new_data = m_data;
			//delete[]m_data;
			//
			cout << "空间不够";
			return;
		}
		m_data[m_size++] = value;
	}
	Ele get(int index) {
		if (index < 0 || index >= m_size) {
			//报错：抛异常
			throw "数组下标越界";
		}
		return m_data[index];
	}
	int size() {
		return m_size;
	}
	Ele operator[](int index) {
		return get(index);
	}
	//ostream &operator<<(ostream& cout,const Array<>)
private:
	Ele * m_data;
	int m_size;
	int m_capacity;
};
class Point
{
public:
	Point(int x,int y):m_x(x),m_y(y){}
	
private:
	int m_x;
	int m_y;
};


int main()
{
	/*Array<int> arr(8);
	arr.add(11);
	arr.add(12);
	arr.add(13);
	arr.add(14);
	arr.add(15);
	arr.add(16);
	arr.add(18);
	arr.add(10);
	*/
	Array<void  *> arr1(4);
	arr1.add(& Point(1, 2));
	arr1.add(new Point(1, 2));

	/*cout << arr.get(0)<<endl;
	cout << arr.size()<<endl<<arr[2];*/

	

	//system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4 异常







6 智能指针





存在调用两次析构函数，有异常。