【跟着MIT学Python】Unit 4.8 Exceptions and Assertions

• SyntaxError: Python can’t parse program
• NameError: local or global name not found
• AttributeError: attribute reference fails
• TypeError: operand doesn’t have correct type
• ValueError: operand type okay, but value is illegal
• IOError: IO system reports malfunction (e.g. file not found)

Python 异常处理

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Handlers for exceptions

try & except

exception rises by any statement in body of try are handled by except statement, and execution continues after the body of the except statement

try:
	a = int(input("Tell me one number:"))
	b = int(input("Tell me another number:"))
	print(a/b)
	print("Okay")
except:
	print("Bug in user input.")
print("Outside")

have separate except clauses to deal with a particular type of exception

try:
	a = int(input("Tell me one number:"))
	b = int(input("Tell me another number:"))
	print(a/b)
	print("Okay")
except ValueError:
	print("Could not convert to a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError
	print("balbala...")
print("Outsdie.")

else || finally

• else:
  • body of this excuted when execution of associated try body completes with no exceptions
• finally:
  • body of this is always excuted after try, else and except, even if they raised another error or excuted a break, continue or return.

Exception example

data = []

file_name = input("Provide a name of a file of data ")

try:
    fh = open(file_name, 'r')
except IOError:
    print('cannot open', file_name)
else:
    for new in fh:
        if new != '\n':
            addIt = new[:-1].split(',') #remove trailing \n
            data.append(addIt)
finally:
    fh.close() # close file even if fail

gradesData = []
if data:
    for student in data:
        try:
            name = student[0:-1]
            grades = int(student[-1])
            gradesData.append([name, [grades]])
        except ValueError:
            gradesData.append([student[:], []])

Exceptions as control flow

• raise an exception when unable to produce a result consistent with function’s specification.
• handle error instead of simply stop the excution

def get_ratios(L1, L2):
    """ Assumes: L1 and L2 are lists of equal length of numbers
        Returns: a list containing L1[i]/L2[i] """
    ratios = []
    for index in range(len(L1)):
        try:
            ratios.append(L1[index]/float(L2[index]))
        except ZeroDivisionError:
            ratios.append(float('NaN')) #NaN = Not a Number
        except:
            raise ValueError('get_ratios called with bad arg')
							# print something when expected error occurs
    return ratios

Exercise

def fancy_divide(numbers, index):
    try:
        denom = numbers[index]
        for i in range(len(numbers)):
            numbers[i] /= denom
    except IndexError:
        fancy_divide(numbers, len(numbers) - 1)
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        print("-2")
    else:
        print("1")
    finally:
        print("0")

What does fancy_divide([0, 2, 4], 4)print out?

1,0,0

THIS LAST 0 COMES FROM HERE

💡 Quick explaination:

• try: do something
• except: do if there was an exception caught while trying (there can be more than one)
• else: do if there is no exception but before finally
• finally: do this, ALWAYS, at the end then any further lines are normal program flow so do something >after finally if no uncaught exception crashed the program

Assertions

def avg(grades):
	assert not len(grades) == 0, 'no grades data'
	return sum(grades)/len(grades)

Raises an AssertionError if it is given an empty list for grades

💡 Function ends immediately if assertion not meet