Multivariable Calculus
1.1 vector
v e c t o r { d i r e c t i o n m a g n i t u d e l e n g t h vector\begin{cases}direction\\magnitude\quad length \end{cases} vector{directionmagnitudelength
A ⃗ = a 1 ⋅ i ⃗ + a 2 ⋅ j ⃗ + a 3 ⋅ k ⃗ = < a 1 , a 2 , a 3 > \vec{A} = a_1\cdot\vec{i}+a_2\cdot\vec{j}+a_3\cdot\vec{k}= \quad<a_1,a_2,a_3> A=a1⋅i+a2⋅j+a3⋅k=<a1,a2,a3>
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The arithmetic of vector
{ g e o m e t r i c n u m e r i c \begin{cases} geometric \\ numeric \end{cases} {geometricnumeric-
Vector addition
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geometric
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numeric
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U ⃗ = ( u 1 , u 2 ) V ⃗ = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U ⃗ + V ⃗ = ( u 1 + v 1 , u 2 + v 2 ) \vec{U}=(u_1,u_2)\\ \vec{V}=(v_1,v_2)\\ \vec{U}+\vec{V}=(u_1+v_1,u_2+v_2) U=(u1,u2)V=(v1,v2)U+V=(u1+v1,u2+v2)
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Vector subtraction
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geometric
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numeric
U ⃗ = ( u 1 , u 2 ) V ⃗ = ( v 1 , v 2 ) U ⃗ − V ⃗ = ( u 1 − v 1 , u 2 − v 2 ) \vec{U}=(u_1,u_2)\\ \vec{V}=(v_1,v_2)\\ \vec{U}-\vec{V}=(u_1-v_1,u_2-v_2) U=(u1,u2)V=(v1,v2)U−V=(u1−v1,u2−v2)
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Dot product
- geometric
U ⃗ ⋅ V ⃗ = ∣ U ⃗ ∣ × ∣ V ⃗ ∣ × cos θ \vec{U}\cdot\vec{V}=|\vec{U}|\times|\vec{V}|\times\cos{\theta} U⋅V=∣U∣×∣V∣×cosθ
1 ） C ⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ = ∣ C ⃗ ∣ × ∣ C ⃗ ∣ × cos 0 = ∣ C ⃗ ∣ 2 2 ) C ⃗ = A ⃗ − B ⃗ , C ⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ = ( A ⃗ − B ⃗ ) ⋅ ( A ⃗ − B ⃗ ) = ( A ⃗ − B ⃗ ) 2 = A ⃗ 2 + B ⃗ 2 − 2 B ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗ 1）\vec{C}\cdot\vec{C}=|\vec{C}|\times|\vec{C}|\times\cos{0}= |\vec{C}|^2\\ 2) \vec{C} = \vec{A} - \vec{B},\quad\vec{C}\cdot\vec{C}=(\vec{A}-\vec{B})\cdot(\vec{A}-\vec{B})=(\vec{A}-\vec{B})^2=\vec{A}^2+\vec{B}^2-2\vec{B}\cdot\vec{A} 1）C⋅C=∣C∣×∣C∣×cos0=∣C∣22)C=A−B,C⋅C=(A−B)⋅(A−B)=(A−B)2=A2+B2−2B⋅A
⚠️Personal thinking:
H o w t o p r o v e ( B ⃗ − A ⃗ ) 2 = B ⃗ 2 + A ⃗ 2 − 2 B ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗ ？ How\quad to\quad prove\quad (\vec{B}-\vec{A})^2=\vec{B}^2+\vec{A}^2-2\vec{B}\cdot\vec{A}\quad？ Howtoprove(B−A)2=B2+A2−2B⋅A？i f A ⃗ ( a 1 , a 2 ) , B ⃗ ( b 1 , b 2 ) T h e n B ⃗ − A ⃗ = ( b 1 − a 1 , b 2 − a 2 ) L H S = ( B ⃗ − A ⃗ ) 2 = ∣ B ⃗ − A ⃗ ∣ 2 = ( b 1 − a 1 ) 2 + ( b 2 − a 2 ) 2 = b 1 2 + a 1 2 − 2 a 1 b 1 + b 2 2 + a 2 2 − 2 a 2 b 2 R H S = B ⃗ 2 + A ⃗ 2 − 2 B ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗ = b 1 2 + b 2 2 + a 1 2 + a 2 2 − ( 2 a 1 b 1 + 2 a 2 b 2 ) = b 1 2 + b 2 2 + a 1 2 + a 2 2 − 2 a 1 b 1 − 2 a 2 b 2 \begin{aligned} if\quad \vec{A}(a_1,a_2),\quad \vec{B}(b_1,b_2)\\ Then\quad\vec{B}-\vec{A}&=(b_1-a_1,b_2-a_2)\\ LHS&=(\vec{B}-\vec{A})^2=|\vec{B}-\vec{A}|^2=(b_1-a_1)^2+(b_2-a_2)^2=b_1^2+a_1^2-2a_1b_1+b_2^2+a_2^2-2a_2b_2\\ RHS&=\vec{B}^2+\vec{A}^2-2\vec{B}\cdot\vec{A}\quad=b_1^2+b_2^2+a_1^2+a_2^2-(2a_1b_1+2a_2b_2)=b_1^2+b_2^2+a_1^2+a_2^2-2a_1b_1-2a_2b_2 \end{aligned} ifA(a1,a2),B(b1,b2)ThenB−ALHSRHS=(b1−a1,b2−a2)=(B−A)2=∣B−A∣2=(b1−a1)2+(b2−a2)2=b12+a12−2a1b1+b22+a22−2a2b2=B2+A2−2B⋅A=b12+b22+a12+a22−(2a1b1+2a2b2)=b12+b22+a12+a22−2a1b1−2a2b2
- numeric
B ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗ = ∑ 1 i a x b x = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + . . . . . . + a i b i \vec{B}\cdot\vec{A}=\sum_{1}^{i}a_xb_x=a_1b_1+a_2b_2+......+a_ib_i B⋅A=1∑iaxbx=a1b1+a2b2+......+aibi
- Applications
- Computing lengths and angles
i f { θ < 9 0 o A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ > 0 θ = 9 0 o A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 θ > 9 0 o A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ < 0 if\quad \begin{cases}\theta<90^o \quad \vec{A}\cdot\vec{B}>0\\ \theta=90^o \quad \vec{A}\cdot\vec{B}=0\\ \theta>90^o \quad \vec{A}\cdot\vec{B}<0\\ \end{cases} if⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧θ<90oA⋅B>0θ=90oA⋅B=0θ>90oA⋅B<0
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To detect orthogonality, to figure out when two things are perpendicular ?
e.g. The set of points where
x + 2y + 3z =0is …A. the empty set (no solution)
B. a single point
C. a line
D. a plane
E. a sphere
Answer:
E
O P ⃗ = ( x , y , z ) A ⃗ = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) O P ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗ = x + 2 y + 3 z = 0 \vec{OP}=(x,y,z)\\ \vec{A}=(1,2,3)\\ \vec{OP}\cdot\vec{A}=x+2y+3z=0 OP=(x,y,z)A=(1,2,3)OP⋅A=x+2y+3z=0
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