1.夹逼准则
定义:设{
a
n
a_n
an}, {
b
n
b_n
bn}, {
c
n
c_n
cn}为实数列,
a
n
≤
b
n
≤
c
n
a_n≤b_n≤c_n
an≤bn≤cn, 且
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
c
n
=
l
\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n= \lim_{n \to \infty} c_n= l
n→∞liman=n→∞limcn=l, 则
lim
n
→
∞
b
n
=
l
\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n=l
n→∞limbn=l
例1: lim n → ∞ ( 1 n 2 + 1 + 1 n 2 + 1 + . . . . . . + 1 n 2 + n ) \lim_{n \to \infty} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+......+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}) n→∞lim(n2+11+n2+11+......+n2+n1)
解:令 b n = 1 n 2 + 1 + 1 n 2 + 1 + . . . . . . + 1 n 2 + n b_n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+......+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}} bn=n2+11+n2+11+......+n2+n1
由
5
8
<
5
7
<
5
6
\frac{5}{8}<\frac{5}{7}<\frac{5}{6}
85<75<65,
可得出思路:
令
a
n
=
1
n
2
+
n
+
1
n
2
+
n
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
n
2
+
n
a^n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}+......+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}
an=n2+n1+n2+n1+......+n2+n1
c
n
=
1
n
2
+
1
+
1
n
2
+
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
n
2
+
1
c^n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}+......+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}
cn=n2+11+n2+11+......+n2+11
则: lim n → ∞ a n = lim n → ∞ n n 2 + n = lim n → ∞ n n 2 = 1 \lim_{n \to \infty} a_n= \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2}} =1 n→∞liman=n→∞limn2+nn=n→∞limn2n=1
lim
n
→
∞
c
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
2
+
1
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
2
=
1
\lim_{n \to \infty} c_n= \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2}} =1
n→∞limcn=n→∞limn2+1n=n→∞limn2n=1
∵
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
c
n
=
1
\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n= \lim_{n \to \infty} c_n= 1
n→∞liman=n→∞limcn=1 ,且
a
n
≤
b
n
≤
c
n
a_n≤b_n≤c_n
an≤bn≤cn,所以
lim
n
→
∞
b
n
=
1
\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n= 1
n→∞limbn=1
2.两个重要极限
2.1 0 0 型 ⟹ lim x → 0 s i n x x = 1 \frac{0}{0} 型\Longrightarrow \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sinx}{x} = 1 00型⟹x→0limxsinx=1
通用公式: lim x → 0 s i n △ △ = 1 \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sin△}{△} = 1 x→0lim△sin△=1
例1:
lim
x
→
0
s
i
n
3
x
x
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sin3x}{x}
x→0limxsin3x
解:
lim
x
→
0
s
i
n
3
x
x
=
lim
x
→
0
s
i
n
3
x
3
x
⋅
3
=
1
⋅
3
=
3
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sin3x}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sin3x}{3x}·3 = 1·3 = 3
x→0limxsin3x=x→0lim3xsin3x⋅3=1⋅3=3
对于 0 0 型 \frac{0}{0} 型 00型后面可以使用洛必达法则求极限
2.2第二重要极限
lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e 或 lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) 1 x = e \lim_{x \to ∞} (1+\frac{1}{x})^x=e 或 \lim_{x \to 0} (1+x)^\frac{1}{x}=e x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e或x→0lim(1+x)x1=e
通用公式: 1 x ⟹ lim △ → 0 ( 1 + △ ) 1 △ = e \frac{1}{x}\Longrightarrow \lim_{△ \to 0} (1+△)^\frac{1}{△}=e x1⟹△→0lim(1+△)△1=e
例1:
lim
x
→
0
(
1
−
2
x
)
1
x
,
求其极限值?
\lim_{x \to 0} (1-2x)^\frac{1}{x},求其极限值?
x→0lim(1−2x)x1,求其极限值?,求其极限值?
解:
将
x
=
0
代入:可判断为
1
∞
型
将x=0代入:可判断为1^∞型
将x=0代入:可判断为1∞型
所以要用第二极限求解:
lim
x
→
0
(
1
−
2
x
)
1
x
=
lim
x
→
0
[
1
+
(
−
2
x
)
]
1
−
2
x
⋅
−
2
x
⋅
1
x
=
lim
x
→
0
e
−
2
x
⋅
1
x
=
e
−
2
\begin{align*} \lim_{x \to 0} (1-2x)^\frac{1}{x} & = \lim_{x \to 0} [1+(-2x)]^{\frac{1}{-2x}·-2x· \frac{1}{x}} \\ & = \lim_{x \to 0} e^{-2x· \frac{1}{x}} \\ & = e^{-2} \\ \end{align*}
x→0lim(1−2x)x1=x→0lim[1+(−2x)]−2x1⋅−2x⋅x1=x→0lime−2x⋅x1=e−2